ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Retroviridae 2021

Coffin, John M.; Blomberg, Jonas; Fan, Hung; Gifford, Robert J.; Hatziioannou, Théodora; Lindemann, Dirk; Mayer, Jens; Stoye, Jonathan P.; Tristem, Michael; Johnson, Welkin E.; Consortium, Ictv Report

doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001712

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retroviruses are classified into two subfamilies; orthoretroviruses and spumaretroviruses [ 65 ]. Orthoretroviruses are further subdivided into six genera; alpharetroviruses, betaretroviruses, gammaretroviruses, epsilonretroviruses, lentiviruses, and deltaretroviruses [ 65 ]. ERVs are classified based on their similarity to exogenous retroviruses into Class I ERVs (gamma and epsilon), Class II ERVs (alpha, beta, delta and lenti) and Class III ERVs (spuma) [ 66 , 67 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-species transmission of an ancient endogenous retrovirus and convergent co-option of its envelope gene in two mammalian orders

2022

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Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) found in vertebrate genomes are remnants of retroviral invasions of their ancestral species. ERVs thus represent molecular fossil records of ancient retroviruses and provide a unique opportunity to study viral-host interactions, including cross-species transmissions, in deep time. While most ERVs contain the mutated remains of the original retrovirus, on rare occasions evolutionary selection pressures lead to the co-option/exaptation of ERV genes for a host function. Here, we report the identification of two ancient related non-orthologous ERV env genes, ARTenvV and CARenvV, that are preserved with large open reading frames (ORFs) in the mammalian orders Artiodactyla and Carnivora, respectively, but are not found in other mammals. These Env proteins lack a transmembrane motif, but phylogenetic analyses show strong sequence preservation and positive selection of the env surface ORF in their respective orders, and transcriptomic analyses show a broad tissue expression pattern for both ARTenvV and CARenvV, suggesting that these genes may be exapted for a host function. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that ARTenvV and CARenvV were derived from an ancient ancestral exogenous gamma-like retrovirus that was independently endogenized in two mammalian orders more than 60 million years ago, which roughly coincides with the K-Pg mass extinction event and subsequent mammalian diversification. Thus, these findings identify the oldest known retroviral cross-ordinal transmission of a gamma-like retrovirus with no known extant infectious counterpart in mammals, and the first discovery of the convergent co-option of an ERV gene derived from the same ancestral retrovirus in two different mammalian orders.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-species transmission of an ancient endogenous retrovirus and convergent co-option of its envelope gene in two mammalian orders

2022

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“…HIV-1 is classified as viral species within the family Retroviridae , subfamily Orthoretroviriane and genus Lentivirus that also includes HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that infects non-human primates and is an essential experimental model for HIV immunology research in vivo [ 10 ]. HIV-1 viral particles are approximately spherical with variable diameters of ∼145 nm consisting of a lipid bilayer envelope with 72 trimers of viral env glycoprotein (gp) 120 (gp120) attached to its surface by the viral transmembrane protein gp41; gp41 covers an internal hexameric lattice consisting of p17 viral matrix protein that interacts directly with the lipid envelope [ 11 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of TLRs in HIV-1 Infection and Potential of TLR Agonists in HIV-1 Vaccine Development and Treatment Strategies

et al. 2023

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a family of pattern recognition receptors, play an important role in the recognition of HIV-1 molecular structures by various cells of the innate immune system, but also provide a functional association with subsequent mechanisms of adaptive immunity. TLR7 and TLR8 play a particularly important role in the innate immune response to RNA viruses due to their ability to recognise GU-rich single-stranded RNA molecules and subsequently activate intracellular signalling pathways resulting in expression of genes coding for various biological response modifiers (interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines). The aim of this review is to summarise the most recent knowledge on the role of TLRs in the innate immune response to HIV-1 and the role of TLR gene polymorphisms in the biology and in the clinical aspects of HIV infections. In addition, the role of TLR agonists as latency reversing agents in research to treat HIV infections and as immunomodulators in HIV vaccine research will be discussed.

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“…Viruses belonging to the family Retroviridae are enveloped, linear, single‐stranded RNA viruses that primarily infect vertebrates (Coffin et al., 2021; Juliarena et al., 2017). Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus that causes persistent lymphocytosis and malignant lymphoma in cattle, although most animals have been shown to experience asymptomatic infections (Juliarena et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2016).…”

Section: Rna Viruses Circulating In Terrestrial Animals In the Caribb...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review of viruses in terrestrial animals from the Caribbean islands of Greater and Lesser Antilles

Gainor

Ghosh

2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Viruses pose a major threat to animal health worldwide, causing significant mortalities and morbidities in livestock, companion animals and wildlife, with adverse implications on human health, livelihoods, food safety and security, regional/national economies and biodiversity. The Greater and Lesser Antilles consist of a cluster of islands between the North and South Americas and is habitat to a wide variety of animal species. This review is the first to put together decades of information on different viruses circulating in companion animals, livestock and wildlife from the Caribbean islands of Greater and Lesser Antilles. Although animal viral diseases have been documented in the Caribbean region since the 1940s, we found that studies on different animal viruses are limited, inconsistent and scattered. Furthermore, a significant number of the reports were based on serological assays, yielding preliminary data. The available information was assessed to identify knowledge gaps and limitations, and accordingly, recommendations were made, with the overall goal to improve animal health and production, and combat zoonoses in the region.

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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Retroviridae 2021

Cited by 37 publications

References 6 publications

Cross-species transmission of an ancient endogenous retrovirus and convergent co-option of its envelope gene in two mammalian orders

Cross-species transmission of an ancient endogenous retrovirus and convergent co-option of its envelope gene in two mammalian orders

Role of TLRs in HIV-1 Infection and Potential of TLR Agonists in HIV-1 Vaccine Development and Treatment Strategies

A comprehensive review of viruses in terrestrial animals from the Caribbean islands of Greater and Lesser Antilles

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