ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Paramyxoviridae

Rima, B. K.; Balkema‐Buschmann, Anne; Dundon, William G.; Duprex, W. Paul; Easton, Andrew J.; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Kurath, Gael; Lamb, Robert A.; Lee, Benhur; Rota, Paul A.; Wang, Lin‐Fa

doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001328

Cited by 238 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A few months ago, growth of the Paramyxoviridae family to 72 members prompted the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy to restructure it into four subfamilies and 16 genera (4). Rather than illustrating the new classification, Fig.…”

Section: The Paramyxoviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include MeV that still causes about 140,000 deaths annually (WHO Key Facts, https://www. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles) 4 and is targeted for eradication by the World Health Organization (2). Eradication has been successful for the animal morbillivirus rinderpest (RPV), which had major economic impact on cattle rearing and was lethal for wild species of even-toed ungulates (5).…”

Section: The Paramyxoviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 2 illustrates the RNA genome (top) and a particle (bottom) of MeV, a typical paramyxovirus (2,4). The MeV genomic RNA, as that of all negative-strand RNA viruses, serves two functions.…”

Section: The Paramyxoviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Receptor-mediated cell entry of paramyxoviruses: Mechanisms, and consequences for tropism and pathogenesis

Navaratnarajah

Generous

Yousaf

et al. 2020

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Research in the last decade has uncovered many new paramyxoviruses, airborne agents that cause epidemic diseases in animals including humans. Most paramyxoviruses enter epithelial cells of the airway using sialic acid as a receptor and cause only mild disease. However, others cross the epithelial barrier and cause more severe disease. For some of these viruses, the host receptors have been identified, and the mechanisms of cell entry have been elucidated. The tetrameric attachment proteins of paramyxoviruses have vastly different binding affinities for their cognate receptors, which they contact through different binding surfaces. Nevertheless, all input signals are converted to the same output: conformational changes that trigger refolding of trimeric fusion proteins and membrane fusion. Experiments with selectively receptor-blinded viruses inoculated into their natural hosts have provided insights into tropism, identifying the cells and tissues that support growth and revealing the mechanisms of pathogenesis. These analyses also shed light on diabolically elegant mechanisms used by morbilliviruses, including the measles virus, to promote massive amplification within the host, followed by efficient aerosolization and rapid spread through host populations. In another paradigm of receptor-facilitated severe disease, henipaviruses, including Nipah and Hendra viruses, use different members of one protein family to cause zoonoses. Specific properties of different paramyxoviruses, like neurotoxicity and immunosuppression, are now understood in the light of receptor specificity. We propose that research on the specific receptors for several newly identified members of the Paramyxoviridae family that may not bind sialic acid is needed to anticipate their zoonotic potential and to generate effective vaccines and antiviral compounds.

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Section: The Paramyxoviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Paramyxoviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Receptor-mediated cell entry of paramyxoviruses: Mechanisms, and consequences for tropism and pathogenesis

Navaratnarajah

Generous

Yousaf

et al. 2020

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The nucleotide identity for the ChamoisRV/IT2014 complete genome with respirovirus reference strains, including CRV3, was 80% or below, revealing nucleotide differences higher than the ones observed among genotypes and members of Respirovirus genus [2,28]. The comparison of complete L protein amino acid sequences, representing the current species demarcation criterion for Respirovirus genus [26], shows that ChamoisRV/IT2014 possesses sequence differences from the other respirovirus species. Moreover, although the phylogenetic analysis of ChamoisRV/IT2014 based on M, HN and F genes, used as targets for genetic typing of RV3 [5], confirms the highest nucleotide identity with CRV3, it shows low nucleotide identity for all three genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…A highly conserved motif, located near the middle of the N proteins and thought to be essential in N-N self-assembly and the N-RNA interaction process, was found in the central domain of the N proteins from the chamois virus, as 323 FAPGNYPALWSYAM 336 , and was also observed in CRV3 [2]. The HN protein contained the conserved binding site sequence, 254 NRKSCS 259 [26], suggesting a neuraminic acid containing cellular receptor. The results of the analysis of DNA polymorphisms and synonymous or nonsynonymous sites are reported in the Supplementary data (Table S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Respirovirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)

Luzzago

Ebranati

Llombart‐Bosch

et al. 2020

Animals

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Croatia. This wide distribution favours interactions with other wild ruminants and livestock, implying the risk of cross-transmission of pathogens. Due to the impact of lung diseases on chamois populations, the investigation of respiratory pathogens is important for wildlife conservation and for the understanding of infection transmission at the livestock-wildlife interface. In the present study, a novel respirovirus was isolated from a chamois with lung lesions and characterized by full-genome sequence and phylogeny. The genome characterization of this novel virus revealed similarities to domestic ruminant respiroviruses, mainly of caprine and ovine origin. Overall, phylogenetic analyses indicated that the chamois virus is distinct from already defined species and suggested that it is a putative novel member of the genus Respirovirus. The present investigation contributes to the knowledge of respiratory infections in wild ruminants and raises questions on the epidemiological link between chamois and other animal species.Abstract: The Respirovirus genus, family Paramamixoviridae, includes respiratory viral pathogens. Here we report the identification and genetic characterization of a respirovirus in an Alpine chamois showing interstitial pneumonia associated with catarrhal bronchopneumonia. The full-genome characterization of this respirovirus, named ChamoisRV/IT2014, revealed low similarities to caprine respirovirus (77.1%), bovine respirovirus (74.5%) and human respirovirus (72.0%). The phylogenetic analyses based on the full-length genome sequence of the novel isolate and reference respirovirus strains showed that ChamoisRV/IT2014 clustered with caprine respirovirus but formed a separate branch. The phylogenetic tree topology of complete large protein amino acid sequences, representing the current species demarcation criterion for Respirovirus genus, showed a 0.05 branch length of ChamoisRV/IT2014 sequence between the nearest node and the tip of the branch, suggesting that this virus belongs to a novel species. This new isolate in a new host species raises several questions to be addressed on the epidemiological role of chamois and the risks of cross-transmission between wild ruminants and livestock.

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Measles Virus

Rima

Duprex

2021

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Measles virus (MV) is responsible for a childhood infection characterised by a maculopapular rash, dry cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and photophobia. Although mild in developed countries, the infection is associated with significant morbidity in developing countries and still kills more than 140 000 children per annum even though it is a vaccine‐preventable disease. The virus‐replication cycle is well understood, and the molecular description of the virus has progressed to a stage where the main emphasis of research has reverted towards understanding the pathogenesis and molecular basis of virus attenuation. Such knowledge will assist in the development of new vaccines and serve to increase our understanding of epidemiology and transmission. Our ability to make recombinant viruses that express autofluorescent proteins from additional transcription units within the genome has created a paradigm shift in changing our view of MV from simply a ‘respiratory infection’‐causing agent to one that affects the immune system in a serious and potentially dangerous manner. Identification of the early target cells as alveolar macrophages and/or dendritic cells in the deep lung alongside understanding the early events in viral pathogenesis helps shed light on how this highly infectious agent establishes such a profoundly immunosuppressive disease in the host. Key Concepts Measles is a relatively simple enveloped, negative‐sensed RNA virus which contains only six genes. Measles virus is a highly infectious agent, which causes a profound immunosuppression and a severe disease in susceptible individuals. The molecular basis of the immunosuppression is unknown. A highly efficacious vaccine has been developed, although the molecular basis of the attenuation remains an enigma. It is essential to vaccinate 95% of the birth cohort as the virus is so infectious, and when vaccine uptake levels decrease in disease‐free regions importations from endemic parts of the world often occur. Vaccination refusal is a major factor in recurrent outbreaks in the developed world. The vaccine is exceptionally thermolabile, and this is challenging for those involved in delivering the product to remote areas of the developing world and in areas where conflict is rife. Recombinant measles viruses have helped to define the early steps in the establishment of an infection. Measles has been considered for eradication although the potential for cross‐species infection by other morbilliviruses is considered a reason for continuing to administer measles vaccine even after eradication due to the cross‐protective morbillivirus antibodies which it elicits against the threat of zoonoses by the other morbilliviruses.

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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Paramyxoviridae

Cited by 238 publications

References 5 publications

Receptor-mediated cell entry of paramyxoviruses: Mechanisms, and consequences for tropism and pathogenesis

Receptor-mediated cell entry of paramyxoviruses: Mechanisms, and consequences for tropism and pathogenesis

Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Respirovirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)

Measles Virus

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