ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Filoviridae

Kuhn, Jens H.; Amarasinghe, Gaya K.; Basler, Christopher F.; Bavari, Sina; Bukreyev, Alexander; Chandran, Kartik; Crozier, Ian; Dolnik, Olga; Dye, John M.; Formenty, Pierre; Griffiths, Anthony John; Hewson, Roger; Kobinger, Gary P.; Leroy, Eric M.; Mühlberger, Elke; Викторович, Sergey V Netesov Нетёсов Сергей; Palacios, Gustavo; Pályi, Bernadett; Pawęska, Janusz T.; Smither, Sophie J.; 高田礼人, Ayato Takada; Towner, Jonathan S.; Wahl‐Jensen, Victoria

doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001252

Cited by 91 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…However, with observations of early consumptive coagulopathy followed by hypercoagulability in the recovery period, haematological abnormalities may be more common and complex than previously understood 127,148 . During the terminal phase (days 7-12 following disease onset), tissue hypoperfusion and vascular leakage, often in (1). Binding to the host cell membrane triggers viral particle endocytosis (2).…”

Section: Diagnosis Screening and Prevention Clinical Manifestations mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ebola virus disease

Jacob

Crozier

Fischer

et al. 2020

Nat Rev Dis Primers

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To date, 12 distinct filoviruses have been described 1. The seven filoviruses that have been found in humans belong either to the genus Ebolavirus (Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Reston virus (RESTV), Sudan virus (SUDV) and Taï Forest virus (TAFV); Fig. 1) or to the genus Marburgvirus (Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV)) 2. The WHO International Classification of Diseases Revision 11 (ICD-11) of 2018 recognizes two major subcategories of filovirus disease (FVD): Ebola disease caused by BDBV, EBOV, SUDV or TAFV, and Marburg disease caused by MARV or RAVV. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is defined as a disease only caused by EBOV. This subcategorization of FVD is largely based on the increasing evidence of molecular differences between ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, differences that may influence virus-host reservoir tropism, pathogenesis and disease phenotype in accidental primate hosts 2. Since the discovery of filoviruses in 1967 (reF. 3), 43 FVD outbreaks (excluding at least five laboratoryacquired infections) have been recorded in or exported from Africa 4. The epidemiological definition of outbreak is one or more cases above the known endemic prevalence. For example, the single case of TAFV infection recorded in a setting in which FVD had never been reported before (Côte d'Ivoire) 5 is still considered an outbreak. All FVD outbreaks, with the exception of that caused by TAFV, were characterized by extremely high case-fatality rates (CFRs, also known as lethality). Until 2013, the most extensive outbreak, caused by SUDV, involved 425 cases and 224 deaths (CFR 52.7%) 6. The overall limited numbers of FVD cases (1967-2013: 2,886 cases including 1,982 deaths 4), the typical remote and rural locations of outbreaks and the often delayed announcement of new outbreaks to the international community 7 have prevented the systematic study of clinical FVD in humans. Thus, the commonly used description of FVD was derived either from observation of small groups of patients in care settings that were not well-equipped for diagnosis, treatment and disease characterization, or from observations of even smaller samples, such as individuals who were transferred from Equatorial Africa to Europe and the USA or who fell sick in Europe or the USA after contracting the virus elsewhere. Pathological characterization of FVD via autopsies has been rare 7,8. In the absence of extensive human clinical data, FVD could only be defined further via the use of experimental animal infections 9,10 .

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Section: Diagnosis Screening and Prevention Clinical Manifestations mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c | Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image of EBOV particles (green) budding from grivet cells. d | Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of EBOV particles (green) budding from grivet cells 1,281 . a The kingdom name has been approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) but has yet to be ratified.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ebola virus disease

Jacob

Crozier

Fischer

et al. 2020

Nat Rev Dis Primers

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“…Viruses in the Filoviridae family are non‐segmented, negative‐sense, single‐stranded RNA viruses represented by five genera of which three infect mammals: Ebolavirus , Marburgvirus and Cuevavirus (Kuhn et al , ). Lloviu virus (LLOV), Cuevavirus genus, has only been detected in common bent‐wing bats in Spain and Hungary (Kemenesi et al , ) and has not been associated with human disease, but members of the Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus genera cause life‐threatening haemorrhagic fevers.…”

Section: Prominent Virus Families Associated With Bats In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ebolavirus was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of a fatal haemorrhagic fever occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo (previously Zaire) near the Ebola river and South Sudan (Olival & Hayman, ). The Ebolavirus genus now consists of five species representing Ebolavirus (EBOV) (previously Ebola Zaire), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV) and Reston virus (RESTV) (Kuhn et al , ). Three of the ebolavirus species, EBOV, BDBV and SUDV, are highly lethal in people with more than 25 human outbreaks reported since 1976 and case fatality rates of 25‐90%.…”

Section: Prominent Virus Families Associated With Bats In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Bat‐borne viruses in Africa: a critical review

et al. 2020

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In Africa, bat-borne zoonoses emerged in the past few decades resulting in large outbreaks or just sporadic spillovers. In addition, hundreds of more viruses are described without any information on zoonotic potential. We discuss important characteristics of bats including bat biology, evolution, distribution and ecology that not only make them unique among most mammals but also contribute to their potential as viral reservoirs. The detection of a virus in bats does not imply that spillover will occur and several biological, ecological and anthropogenic factors play a role in such an event. We summarize and critically analyse the current knowledge on African bats as reservoirs for corona-, filo-, paramyxo-and lyssaviruses. We highlight that important information on epidemiology, bat biology and ecology is often not available to make informed decisions on zoonotic spillover potential. Even if knowledge gaps exist, it is still important to recognize the role of bats in zoonotic disease outbreaks and implement mitigation strategies to prevent exposure to infectious agents including working safely with bats. Equally important is the crucial role of bats in various ecosystem services. This necessitates a multidisciplinary One Health approach to close knowledge gaps and ensure the development of responsible mitigation strategies to not only minimize risk of infection but also ensure conservation of the species.

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“…1 Graphic representation of the 10 human viruses described in the text (creative common licence figures from VIPERdb https ://viper db.scrip ps.edu (Carrillo-Tripp et al 2009) and Reddy et al 2015). The virus families included here are: a Picornaviridae, b Coronaviridae, c Caliciviridae, d Astroviridae, e Togaviridae, f Bunyaviridae, g Rhadoviridae, h Filoviridae, i Orthomyxoviridae, and j Paramyxoviridae Table 1 Characteristics of the main ssRNA human virus families (Dietzgen et al 2017;Kuhn et al 2019;Rima et al 2019;Chen et al 2018;Vinjé et al 2019;Zell et al 2017;Mandary et al…”

Section: Notable Examples Of Picornavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal and human RNA viruses: genetic variability and ability to overcome vaccines

et al. 2020

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RNA viruses, in general, exhibit high mutation rates; this is mainly due to the low fidelity displayed by the RNA-dependent polymerases required for their replication that lack the proofreading machinery to correct misincorporated nucleotides and produce high mutation rates. This lack of replication fidelity, together with the fact that RNA viruses can undergo spontaneous mutations, results in genetic variants displaying different viral morphogenesis, as well as variation on their surface glycoproteins that affect viral antigenicity. This diverse viral population, routinely containing a variety of mutants, is known as a viral 'quasispecies'. The mutability of their virions allows for fast evolution of RNA viruses that develop antiviral resistance and overcome vaccines much more rapidly than DNA viruses. This also translates into the fact that pathogenic RNA viruses, that cause many diseases and deaths in humans, represent the major viral group involved in zoonotic disease transmission, and are responsible for worldwide pandemics.

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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Filoviridae

Cited by 91 publications

References 5 publications

Ebola virus disease

Ebola virus disease

Bat‐borne viruses in Africa: a critical review

Animal and human RNA viruses: genetic variability and ability to overcome vaccines

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