Iceberg Lettuce as Suggested Source of a Nationwide Outbreak Caused by Two Salmonella Serotypes, Newport and Reading, in Finland in 2008

Lienemann, Taru; Niskanen, Taina; Guedes, Sandra; Siitonen, Anja; Kuusi, Markku; Rimhanen-Finne, Ruska

doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-455

Cited by 45 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The other serovars isolated in the study of S. Typhimurium, S. Virchow, S. Reading and S. Altona have also been implicated in non-typhoidal salmonellosis and have important public health significance. S. Reading and S. Altona have been associated with several sporadic outbreaks of food-borne salmonellosis in humans [30,31] . To the best of author's knowledge and records available in literature, S. Altona has not been reported earlier in India.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, serotype diversity and antibiogram of Salmonella enterica isolated from different species of poultry in India

Mir

Kashyap

Maherchandani

2015

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

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A B S T R A C TObjective: To study the occurrence and serotype diversity of Salmonella isolates in different species of poultry (chicken, emu and duck) and determine their resistance pattern against various antibiotics of different classes. Methods: About 507 samples comprising 202 caecal contents and 305 fecal samples from chicken, emu and duck were processed for isolation of Salmonella enterica. Salmonellae were isolated and detected by standard protocol of ISO 6579 Amendment 1: Annex D. Genetic confirmation was also made by using 16S rRNA genus specific PCR. Serotype specific PCR was also done to detect the most common serovars viz. Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Gallinarum. All obtained isolates were subjected to a set of 25 antibiotics to study their antibiogram by using Baeur-Kirby disk diffusion method. Results: Out of 507 samples processed, 32 isolates of Salmonella enterica (18 from caecal contents and 14 from faecal samples) were obtained, of which 24 belonged to 6 different serovars, 6 were untypeable and 2 were rough strains. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most predominant serotype (9), followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (5), Salmonella Virchow (4), Salmonella Gallinarum (3), Salmonella Reading (2) and Salmonella Altona (1). Antibiotic resistance pattern was maximum (100%) to oxacillin, penicillin and clindamycin, followed by ampicillin (68.75%), tetracycline (65.62%), nalidixic acid (56.25%) and colistin (46.87%). High sensitivity of isolates was recorded for chloramphenicol (96.87%) followed by meropenem (84.37%). Conclusions: Occurrence of high proportion of serovars in our study which can cause serious gastroenteritis in humans is a matter of concern. Salmonella Altona has been detected for the first time in India from poultry. This serotype is known to cause serious outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. Multidrug resistant isolates were recovered at high percentage which can be attributed to non-judicious use of antibiotics both in prophylaxis and treatment regimen. This observation draws serious attention as poultry serves as an important source of transmission of these multidrug resistant Salmonella serovars to humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, serotype diversity and antibiogram of Salmonella enterica isolated from different species of poultry in India

Mir

Kashyap

Maherchandani

2015

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

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“…Poor hygienic practices in the production and post-harvest system contribute to contamination [17, 18]. There are documented outbreaks of human infections associated with the consumption of raw vegetables [19]. Trade has contributed to geographic spread of these pathogens [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial and parasitic contaminants of salad vegetables sold in markets in Fako Division, Cameroon and evaluation of hygiene and handling practices of vendors

2018

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ObjectiveIncrease in awareness of the health benefits of vegetables has resulted in an increase in consumption. Many vegetables are consumed raw to retain the natural taste and heat labile nutrients. The safety of raw vegetables is a great concern. We investigated the bacteriological and parasitological quality of salad vegetables sold in three major markets in Fako Division Cameroon, the hygiene and preservation practices of vendors and determined the antimicrobial sensitivity of bacterial isolates, to provide data that could be used to improve food safety and safeguard public health.ResultsBacterial contamination was high. Mean aerobic bacteria counts ranged from 2.5 × 106 to 15 × 106 cfu/g, total coliform counts from 4 to > 2400/g and fecal coliforms < 3 to 1100/g. Six bacterial species were isolated among which Staphylococcus aureus (35.4%) predominated while Serratia marcescens (8.5%) was the least. Bacteria showed high resistance to erythromycin (87.6%). Ten parasitic organisms were detected. Balantidium coli (25.6%) and Entamoeba spp. (21.7%) predominated. Contamination was highest in lettuce and lowest in green pepper. Hygiene and vegetable preservation practices of vendors were poor and could aggravate contamination. Contamination of fresh salad vegetables with pathogenic bacteria and parasites could be a food safety concern in study area.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3175-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…In 1956 to 1957, an outbreak involving S. Reading occurred in the United States, sickening 325 people across multiple states (11). In 2008, 30 persons were involved in an outbreak linked to iceberg lettuce in Finland (12). In 2014 to 2015, an outbreak of unknown origin was described, with 31 confirmed cases in Canada involving persons of Mediterranean descent (13).…”

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Emergence of a Novel Salmonella enterica Serotype Reading Clonal Group Is Linked to Its Expansion in Commercial Turkey Production, Resulting in Unanticipated Human Illness in North America

Miller

Elnekave

Flores-Figueroa

et al. 2020

mSphere

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Two separate human outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Reading occurred between 2017 and 2019 in the United States and Canada, and both outbreaks were linked to the consumption of raw turkey products. In this study, a comprehensive genomic investigation was conducted to reconstruct the evolutionary history of S. Reading from turkeys and to determine the genomic context of outbreaks involving this infrequently isolated Salmonella serotype. A total of 988 isolates of U.S. origin were examined using whole-genome-based approaches, including current and historical isolates from humans, meat, and live food animals. Broadly, isolates clustered into three major clades, with one apparently highly adapted turkey clade. Within the turkey clade, isolates clustered into three subclades, including an “emergent” clade that contained only isolates dated 2016 or later, with many of the isolates from these outbreaks. Genomic differences were identified between emergent and other turkey subclades, suggesting that the apparent success of currently circulating subclades is, in part, attributable to plasmid acquisitions conferring antimicrobial resistance, gain of phage-like sequences with cargo virulence factors, and mutations in systems that may be involved in beta-glucuronidase activity and resistance towards colicins. U.S. and Canadian outbreak isolates were found interspersed throughout the emergent subclade and the other circulating subclade. The emergence of a novel S. Reading turkey subclade, coinciding temporally with expansion in commercial turkey production and with U.S. and Canadian human outbreaks, indicates that emergent strains with higher potential for niche success were likely vertically transferred and rapidly disseminated from a common source. IMPORTANCE Increasingly, outbreak investigations involving foodborne pathogens are difficult due to the interconnectedness of food animal production and distribution, and homogeneous nature of industry integration, necessitating high-resolution genomic investigations to determine their basis. Fortunately, surveillance and whole-genome sequencing, combined with the public availability of these data, enable comprehensive queries to determine underlying causes of such outbreaks. Utilizing this pipeline, it was determined that a novel clone of Salmonella Reading has emerged that coincided with increased abundance in raw turkey products and two outbreaks of human illness in North America. The rapid dissemination of this highly adapted and conserved clone indicates that it was likely obtained from a common source and rapidly disseminated across turkey production. Key genomic changes may have contributed to its apparent continued success in commercial turkeys and ability to cause illness in humans.

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Iceberg Lettuce as Suggested Source of a Nationwide Outbreak Caused by Two Salmonella Serotypes, Newport and Reading, in Finland in 2008

Cited by 45 publications

References 15 publications

Isolation, serotype diversity and antibiogram of Salmonella enterica isolated from different species of poultry in India

Isolation, serotype diversity and antibiogram of Salmonella enterica isolated from different species of poultry in India

Bacterial and parasitic contaminants of salad vegetables sold in markets in Fako Division, Cameroon and evaluation of hygiene and handling practices of vendors

Emergence of a Novel Salmonella enterica Serotype Reading Clonal Group Is Linked to Its Expansion in Commercial Turkey Production, Resulting in Unanticipated Human Illness in North America

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