Ice

Schmelzer, Natalija; Sein, Ari; Lundqvist, Jan-Eric; Sztobryn, Marzenna

doi:10.1002/9780470283134.ch8

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In the southern Baltic Sea, the first sea ice is formed in the coastal lagoons between 10 and 20 December, near the coast around 1 January, in the sea area of the western Baltic and off the Polish coast in mid-January, and in the German coastal areas at the beginning of January (Schmelzer et al 2008Girjatowicz 2011). Comparing the different periods analysed, there has been no major change in the average date at which ice formation begins (Fig.…”

Section: Ice Extentmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A regular observational network was established in the nineteenth century among the Baltic Sea countries, mainly to provide guidance for shipping (Jevrejeva et al 2004), but later for scientific analyses of ice conditions (Speerschneider 1927;Jurva 1937;Palosuo 1953). In the first Baltic Sea assessment (BACC Author Team 2008), Schmelzer et al (2008) and Vihma and Haapala (2009) gave extensive summaries of the existing literature. This chapter updates those reviews but does not repeat the extensive discussions already published.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Change—Sea Ice

Haapala

Ronkainen

Schmelzer

et al. 2015

Regional Climate Studies

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Sea ice conditions in the Baltic Sea have been systematically monitored for more than 100 years. All sea ice-related parameters display large interannual variability, but a change towards milder ice winters has been observed over the past 100 years: in particular, the annual maximum ice extent has decreased and the length of the ice season has become shorter. There is no correlation between consecutive ice seasons because the thermal memory of the Baltic Sea is only 2-3 months. Interannual variability in sea ice conditions is principally driven by the large-scale atmospheric circulation, described by the North Atlantic Oscillation. In addition to a tendency towards milder winters, the occurrence of severe ice winters has also decreased considerably over the past 25 years.

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Section: Ice Extentmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Change—Sea Ice

Haapala

Ronkainen

Schmelzer

et al. 2015

Regional Climate Studies

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“…[3] The Bothnian Bay (Figure 1) constitutes a very peculiar marine ecosystem being very close to lake conditions with respect to salinity (i.e., 3-4 psu versus 8 psu in the southern Baltic Proper). The basin, which is generally ice covered for half the year [Schmelzer et al, 2008], drains a considerable sub-Arctic catchment and is largely impacted by land-derived organic matter. The watershed of the different Swedish and Finnish rivers alimenting the basin mainly consists of boreal forests and peatlands which are the source of a large amount of humic substances (∼80% of the organic matter in the Gulf of Bothnia (Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay) according to Pettersson et al [1997]) whereas the catchment zone of southern rivers consists of agricultural and industrial areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically black waters in the northern Baltic Sea

Berthon

Zibordi

2010

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] The peculiar bio-optical properties of the northernmost waters of the Baltic Sea (Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay) are illustrated by exploiting unique in situ measurements of apparent and inherent optical properties collected in 2007. Specifically, this study shows that the high values of absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (a ys (412) around 1.4 m −1 ) resulting from the presence of humic matter brought by the numerous Swedish and Finnish rivers alimenting the basin are not correlated with high concentrations of particles as generally observed in the southern Baltic Sea. As a consequence, extremely low values (i.e., less than 0.5) of the ratio of scattering to absorption are observed in the blue spectral region. The corresponding spectra of normalized water leaving radiance are close to satisfy the "black pixel" assumption in the blue and even in the green part of the visible spectrum. Consequently, the Bothnian Sea and most of all the Bothnian Bay, appear ideal candidates for studies on atmospheric corrections and vicarious calibration of ocean color sensors in coastal waters.

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“…On average, a maximal ice extent (Emax) of approximately 165,000 km² occurs on the Baltic Sea in March (covering 40% of the total area of the Baltic Sea) [3]. Emax in 1956-2005 was 405,000 km², which occurred in the winter of 1986/87 [4]; however, in the recent period 2007-2016, Emax was 309,000 km², which occurred in the winter of 2010/11 [5].…”

Section: Introduction / Uvodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Regime Shift of the Baltic Sea Ice Seasons during 1982–2016

Rjazin¹,

Pärn²

2020

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The distributions of ice season characteristics in the Baltic Sea during 1982-2016 were studied. A shift in the ice season regime was observed in 2006-2007. Ice season characteristics before and after the shift were determined in the northern and southern regions of the Baltic Sea, and the contributions of these areas to the shift regime were evaluated. To study changes in ice conditions, satellite data on the daily ice concentration over the Baltic Sea provided by the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service were used. The ice cover extent and number of ice days were calculated. The maximal ice extent event of the ice season shifted from the beginning of March to the end of January in 2007. The average ice concentration over the Baltic Sea was 18% and 10% before and after the shift, respectively. On average, 32 and 19 ice days occurred before and after the shift, respectively. The average ice concentration in the northern Baltic was 54% before and 34% after the shift, and the concentration in the southern Baltic was 8% before and 7% after the shift. The determined shift of the ice season characteristics indicated that extensive ice cover does not last long during the after-shift seasons. Sažetak Proučavale su se karakteristike rasporeda ledene sezone na Baltičkome moru od godine 1982. do 2016. Promjena u režimu ledene sezone uočena je 2006. i 2007. godine. Karakteristike ledene sezone prije izmjene i nakon nje određene su u sjevernim i južnim regijama Baltičkoga mora te su evaluirani doprinosi ovih prostora na promjenu režima. Da bismo proučili promjene u uvjetima leda, satelitski podatci o koncentraciji leda nad Batičkim morem, korišteni su podatci koje je priskrbila Copernicus nadzorna služba za pomorski okoliš. Izračunata je debljina sniježnoga pokrivača i broj ledenih dana. Maksimalan razmjer ledenoga događaja, ledene sezone, pomakao se od početka ožujka do kraja siječnja 2007. Prosječna koncentracija nad Baltičkim morem bila je 18 %, a 10 % prije promjene i nakon nje, redoslijedom navođenja. Prosječno 32 i 19 ledenih dana dogodilo se prije promjene i nakon nje prema redoslijedu navođenja. Prosječna koncentracija leda na sjevernome Baltiku bila je 8 % prije, a 7 % nakon promjene, a koncentracija na južnome Baltiku bila je 8 % prije, a 7 % nakon promjene. Određena promjena karakteristika ledene sezone pokazuje da sniježni pokrivač ne traje dugo tijekom sezona nakon promjene. KEY WORDSBaltic Sea climate ice season ice concentration climatic regime regime shift ice days KLJUČNE RIJEČI klima Baltičkoga mora ledena sezona koncentracija leda klimatski režim promjena režima ledeni dani

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Ice

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Recent Change—Sea Ice

Recent Change—Sea Ice

Optically black waters in the northern Baltic Sea

Determining the Regime Shift of the Baltic Sea Ice Seasons during 1982–2016

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