Ice segregation in the crown of winter cereals: Evidence for extraorgan and extratissue freezing

Willick, Ian R.; Gusta, L. V.; Fowler, D. B.; Tanino, Karen

doi:10.1111/pce.13454

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…After 1 hr, plants were misted with an ice‐nucleating solution as described by Willick et al. (2019). The temperature of the incubator was reduced at 1°C/hr to and then held at −3°C for 3 days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crown water content (g H 2 O g DM −1 ) was quantified ([fresh mass – dry mass]/dry mass) as described by Willick et al. (2019). The experiment was repeated three times for each treatment combination.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Snowmelt increases crown water content and the likelihood of lethal non‐equilibrium freezing (Andrews, 1996; Olien & Livingston, 2006). The formation of ice in cereals with high water content promotes ice aggregation in the vascular transition zone near the base of the crown (Olien, 1964; Tanino & McKersie, 1985; Willick, Gusta, Fowler, & Tanino, 2019). This can disrupt root regeneration (Chen, Gusta, & Fowler, 1983) and promote lethal freezing in the shoot apical meristem (Olien, 1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of global climate change on the freezing tolerance of winter cereals in Western Canada

Willick

Tanino

Gusta

2020

J Agronomy Crop Science

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Due to global climate change in Western Canada, winter cereals will be exposed to a higher frequency of winter thaws which will increase crown water and thereby reduce freezing tolerance. Cold‐acclimated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and fall rye (Secale cereale L.) were held at −4°C under a snow cover for up to 120 days and periodically subjected to a dry or wet thaw for 3 days. Freezing tolerance was monitored by either the conventional freezing test (LT50) or the durational freeze test (LD50). There was a gradual loss in LT50 and LD50 in crowns held at −4°C, with the greatest loss after 120 days. The LT50 test could only identify species differences in freezing tolerance whereas LD50 identified cultivar‐specific differences. Rehardened plants previously subjected to a 4°C dry thaw regained an LT50 comparable to non‐thawed plants. Whereas plants exposed to a wet thaw could only partially reharden. The more freezing tolerant fall rye cultivars maintained a lower LT50 under thawing and rehardening conditions as compared with winter wheat. A short winter thaw dramatically reduced crown freezing tolerance. The selection of superior germplasm to tolerate warming winter conditions is an important goal for future winter wheat breeding efforts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of global climate change on the freezing tolerance of winter cereals in Western Canada

Willick

Tanino

Gusta

2020

J Agronomy Crop Science

Self Cite

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“…For the investigation of ice management processes in plant tissues various methods have been employed [1,3]: differential thermal analysis (DTA) [4,5], infrared imaging [6-18] and in particular infrared differential analysis (IDTA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) / magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [1,[19][20][21][22][23], microscopic observations [17,20,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], indirect observation by freeze-substitution EM [37], cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) [32,36,38] and X-ray phase contrast imaging [3]. All these approaches differ largely in the obtained resolution, the necessary expenses, time requirements and the gained information: ice is either directly visualised or indirectly detected by measurement of freezing exotherms or assessed by the remaining amount of liquid water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice accommodation in plant tissues pinpointed by cryo-microscopy in polarised light

Stegner¹,

Wagner²,

Neuner³

2020

Preprint

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Background Freezing resistant plant organs are capable to manage ice formation, ice propagation, and ice accommodation down to variable temperature limits without damage. Insights in ice management strategies are essential for the fundamental understanding of plant freezing and frost survival. However, knowledge about ice management is scarce. Ice crystal localization inside plant tissues is challenging and is mainly based on optical appearance of ice in terms of colour and shape, investigated by microscopic methods. Notwithstanding, there are major uncertainties regarding the reliability and accuracy of ice identification and localisation. Surface light reflections, which can originate from water or resin, even at non-freezing temperatures, can have a similar appearance as ice. We applied the principle of birefringence, which is a property of ice but not of liquid water, in reflected-light microscopy to localise ice crystals in frozen plant tissues in an unambiguous manner.Results In reflected-light microscopy, water was clearly visible, while ice was more difficult to identify. With the presented polarised cryo-microscopic system, water, including surface light reflections, became invisible, whereas ice crystals showed a bright and shiny appearance. Based on this, we were able to detect loci where ice crystals are accommodated in frozen and viable plant tissues. In Buxus sempervirens leaves, large ice needles occupied and expanded the space between the adaxial and abaxial leaf tissues. In Galanthus nivalis leaves, air-filled cavities became filled up with ice. Buds of Picea abies managed ice in a cavity at the bud basis and between bud scales. By observing the shape and attachment point of the ice crystals, it was possible to identify tissue fractions that segregate intracellular water towards the growing ice crystals.Conclusion Cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light allowed a robust identification of ice crystals in frozen plant tissue. It distinguishes itself, compared with other methods, by its ease of ice identification, time and cost efficiency and the possibility for high throughput. Profound knowledge about ice management strategies, within the whole range of freezing resistance capacities in the plant kingdom, might be the link to applied science for creating arrangements to avoid future frost damage to crops.

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“…For the investigation of ice management processes in plant tissues various methods have been employed [1,3]: differential thermal analysis (DTA) [4,5], infrared imaging [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and in particular infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)/ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [1,[19][20][21][22][23], microscopic observations [17,20,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], indirect observation by freeze-substitution EM [37], cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) [32,36,38] and X-ray phase contrast imaging [3]. All these approaches differ largely in the obtained resolution, the necessary expenses, time requirements and the gained information: ice is either directly visualised or indirectly detected by measurement of freezing exotherms or assessed by the remaining amount of liquid water.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice accommodation in plant tissues pinpointed by cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light

2020

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Background: Freezing resistant plant organs are capable to manage ice formation, ice propagation, and ice accommodation down to variable temperature limits without damage. Insights in ice management strategies are essential for the fundamental understanding of plant freezing and frost survival. However, knowledge about ice management is scarce. Ice crystal localisation inside plant tissues is challenging and is mainly based on optical appearance of ice in terms of colour and shape, investigated by microscopic methods. Notwithstanding, there are major uncertainties regarding the reliability and accuracy of ice identification and localisation. Surface light reflections, which can originate from water or resin, even at non-freezing temperatures, can have a similar appearance as ice. We applied the principle of birefringence, which is a property of ice but not of liquid water, in reflected-light microscopy to localise ice crystals in frozen plant tissues in an unambiguous manner. Results: In reflected-light microscopy, water was clearly visible, while ice was more difficult to identify. With the presented polarised cryo-microscopic system, water, including surface light reflections, became invisible, whereas ice crystals showed a bright and shiny appearance. Based on this, we were able to detect loci where ice crystals are accommodated in frozen and viable plant tissues. In Buxus sempervirens leaves, large ice needles occupied and expanded the space between the adaxial and abaxial leaf tissues. In Galanthus nivalis leaves, air-filled cavities became filled up with ice. Buds of Picea abies managed ice in a cavity at the bud basis and between bud scales. By observing the shape and attachment point of the ice crystals, it was possible to identify tissue fractions that segregate intracellular water towards the aggregating ice crystals. Conclusion: Cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light allowed a robust identification of ice crystals in frozen plant tissue. It distinguishes itself, compared with other methods, by its ease of ice identification, time and cost efficiency and the possibility for high throughput. Profound knowledge about ice management strategies, within the whole range of freezing resistance capacities in the plant kingdom, might be the link to applied science for creating arrangements to avoid future frost damage to crops.

show abstract

Ice segregation in the crown of winter cereals: Evidence for extraorgan and extratissue freezing

Cited by 16 publications

References 47 publications

The impact of global climate change on the freezing tolerance of winter cereals in Western Canada

The impact of global climate change on the freezing tolerance of winter cereals in Western Canada

Ice accommodation in plant tissues pinpointed by cryo-microscopy in polarised light

Ice accommodation in plant tissues pinpointed by cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light

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