Ice Regime of the Kozłowa Góra Reservoir (Southern Poland) as an Indicator of Changes of the Thermal Conditions of Ambient Air

Abstract

Ice phenomena are construed as the occurrence of ice in water irrespective of its structure, form, and duration. One of the most frequently discussed research problems is the possibility of using long-term ice phenology as an indicator of changes of the thermal conditions of ambient air. The study used correlation analysis and regression models in order to determine changes in the parameters studied over time. In order to compare the ice regime of the study reservoir and other lakes in the region, discriminant function analysis, principal components analysis (PCA), and canonical redundancy analysis (RDA) were applied. During the 52 winter seasons studied (1964–2015), there were weak but still statistically significant trends concerning the increase in air temperature in the region (by 0.3 °C per decade), the reduction in the number of days with ice cover (by 8.6 days per decade) and the decline in the maximum and average thicknesses of lake ice (by 2.0 cm and 1.2 cm per decade). The low average depth and volume capacity are reflected in the rapid freezing rate of the reservoir, and its location results in a longer duration of ice cover, greater ice thickness, and later dates of its melting.

The disappearance of ice cover on temperate lakes (Central Europe) as a result of climate warming

“…While analysing the course of the change in the ice cover of Jagodne Lake (north‐eastern Poland), Ptak et al (2019a,b,c) concluded that the ice cover duration is getting shorter and shorter (5 days/decade on average) and the ice thickness is getting thinner (2 cm/decade on average). The Kozłowa Góra in the south of Poland was characterised by a decrease in the number of days with ice cover (by 8.6 days/decade), and a decrease in the maximum thickness of lake ice – on average by 2 cm/decade (Solarski & Rzętała, 2020).…”

Mass and Heat Balance of a Lake Ice Cover in the Central Asian Arid Climate Zone

“…The turbulent transfer coefficients at the air-ice interface were calculated from Equations (7) and (8)(9)(10). The estimation of the bulk Richardson number was limited by the accuracy of the temperature and wind speed measurements, and , respectively.…”

“…Therefore, water conditions in autumn may influence the start-up of the next open water season, including the spring bloom. Previous studies have shown that ice seasons have generally become milder, resulting in a shorter duration and thinner ice cover [5][6][7][8].…”

Changes in the Thickness of Ice Cover on Water Bodies Subject to Human Pressure (Silesian Upland, Southern Poland)

“…The issue of the course of ice phenomena in the local water bodies has been among the leading research topics of recent years. The researchers have attempted to characterize the icing of the water bodies of this part of Poland, especially focusing on the level of modification of ice phenomena resulting from human activity (Solarski et al, 2011;Kostecki, 2013;Rzetala, 2014;Solarski, 2017;Solarski and Rzetala, 2020). Most of the studies concerning the ice phenomena in the water bodies in the Silesian Upland and its immediate vicinity tend to focus on individual water bodies or their groupings located across small areas.…”

“…reactions of the ice to changes in air temperature (Leppäranta, 1983;Bengtsson, 1986Bengtsson, , 2012aAshton, 2011;Brown and Duguay, 2011;Kirillin et al, 2012;Yang et al, 2012;Solarski and Rzetala, 2020). The conditions for the development of ice change completely when it is covered by a thick snow cover, when the so-called isostasy of ice takes place (Ashton, 2011).…”