Ice as Solid Electrolyte To Conduct Various Kinds of Ions

Abstract

Water,c onsidered as au niversal solvent to dissolve salts,h as been extensively studied as liquid electrolyte in electrochemical devices.T he water/ice phase transition at around 0 8 8Cp resents ac ommon phenomenon in nature, however,t he chemical and electrochemical behaviors of ice have rarely been studied. Herein, we discovered that the ice phase provides efficient ionic transport channelsand therefore can be applied as generalized solid-state ionic conductor.Solid state ionic conducting ices (ICIs) of Li + ,Na + ,Mg 2+ ,Al 3+ ,K + , Mn 2+ ,F e 2+ ,C o 2+ ,N i 2+ ,C u 2+ ,a nd Zn 2+ ,f rozen from corresponding sulphate solutions,e xhibit ionic conductivities ranging from % 10 À7 Scm À1 (Zn 2+ )t o% 10 À3 Scm À1 (Li + )a t temperatures spanning from À20 8 8Ct oÀ5 8 8C. The discovery of ICIs opens new insight to design and fabrication of solidstate electrolytes that are simple,i nexpensive,and versatile.

A High‐Rate Aqueous Proton Battery Delivering Power Below −78 °C via an Unfrozen Phosphoric Acid

“…Of note, even at -88 o C that is 3 o C below the freezing point of 9.5 m H 3 PO 4 , the APB still provides 30% of its room-temperature capacity, where the proton conduction is still viable. [16,19] At -78 o C, APB delivers negligible capacity fading over 450 cycles during 115 days, and the cell is still running (Figure 1E). The APB demonstrates excellent rate capability at -78 o C with 50% capacity retention upon raising the current rate from 25 mA/g to 400 mA/g, while the maximum power at this temperature is 299 W/kg (Figure S3D and E).…”

“…Recently, the frozen solid-state aqueous acids have demonstrated the advantages of APBs in kinetics under low-T conditions. [14][15][16] Herein, we selected concentrated H 3 PO 4 with fast interfacial kinetics as a liquid electrolyte for low-T APBs. According to the phase diagram, the eutectic mixture, 62 wt% H 3 PO 4 , behaves as a single liquid phase until solidification at its melting point of -85 o C. [17] Notably, the eutectic mixture is a make-up of the mixture with the lowest melting point.…”

Construction of Strandberg‐Type Polyoxometalate‐Based Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Material with Water‐Assisted Proton Conductivity

“…In addition, we analysed the Bode plots under different temperatures (Figure S10), and according to the value of inflection point of the Bode plots in the high frequency region, we can confirm that this Co(II) based on Strandberg‐type POM (Co 1.5 (C 4 H 6 N 3 O) 3 [P 2 Mo 5 O 23 ]⋅8.5H 2 O) with proton conducting nature. Furthermore, by using the Hebb‐Wagner polarization method we test the variation in electric current . Under 0.1 V of applied constant voltage, a continuous low electric current result was obtained (Figure S11), which showed the compound is proton conductor.…”

“…Furthermore, by using the Hebb-Wagner polarization method we test the variation in electric current. [23] Under 0.1 V of applied constant voltage, a continuous low electric current result was obtained ( Figure S11), which showed the compound is proton conductor.…”

A flexible solid-state supercapacitor with extreme low-temperature tolerance based on an ion conducting ice gel electrolyte

“…Li + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , K + , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Zn 2+ ), and can be applied as solid-state electrolytes. 23 Yan et al further fabricated a zinc ion hybrid capacitor based on Zn(ClO 4 ) 2 salty ice with a high ionic conductivity (about 1.3 × 10 −3 S cm −1 at −60 °C) as the electrolyte. The 3D ion transport channels inside the Zn(ClO 4 ) 2 salt ice help the ions transport fast in the electrolyte at low temperature, thus displaying a superior low-temperature performance.…”