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Decisions regarding problem conceptualization, search approach, and how best to parametrize optimization methods for practical application are key to successful implementation of optimization approaches within georesources field development projects. This work provides decision support regarding the application of derivative-free search approaches for concurrent optimization of inflow control valves (ICVs) and well controls. A set of state-of-the-art approaches possessing different search features is implemented over two reference cases, and their performance, resource requirements, and specific method configurations are compared across multiple problem formulations for completion design. In this study, problem formulations to optimize completion design comprise fixed ICVs and piecewise-constant well controls. The design is optimized by several derivative-free methodologies relying on parallel pattern-search (tAPPS), population-based stochastic sampling (tPSO) and trust-region interpolation-based models (tDFTR). These methodologies are tested on a heterogeneous two-dimensional case and on a realistic case based on a section of the Olympus benchmark model. Three problem formulations are applied in both cases, i.e., one formulation optimizes ICV settings only, while two joint configurations also treat producer and injector controls as variables. Various method parametrizations across the range of cases and problem formulations exploit the different search features to improve convergence, achieve final objectives and infer response surface features. The scope of this particular study treats only deterministic problem formulations. Results outline performance trade-offs between parallelizable algorithms (tAPPS, tPSO) with high total runtime search efficiency and the local-search trust-region approach (tDFTR) providing effective objective gains for a low number of cost function evaluations. tAPPS demonstrates robust performance across different problem formulations that can support exploration efforts, e.g., during a pre-drill design phase while multiple independent tDFTR runs can provide local tuning capability around established solutions in a time-constrained post-drill setting. Additional remarks regarding joint completion design optimization, comparison metrics, and relative algorithm performance given the varying problem formulations are also made.
Decisions regarding problem conceptualization, search approach, and how best to parametrize optimization methods for practical application are key to successful implementation of optimization approaches within georesources field development projects. This work provides decision support regarding the application of derivative-free search approaches for concurrent optimization of inflow control valves (ICVs) and well controls. A set of state-of-the-art approaches possessing different search features is implemented over two reference cases, and their performance, resource requirements, and specific method configurations are compared across multiple problem formulations for completion design. In this study, problem formulations to optimize completion design comprise fixed ICVs and piecewise-constant well controls. The design is optimized by several derivative-free methodologies relying on parallel pattern-search (tAPPS), population-based stochastic sampling (tPSO) and trust-region interpolation-based models (tDFTR). These methodologies are tested on a heterogeneous two-dimensional case and on a realistic case based on a section of the Olympus benchmark model. Three problem formulations are applied in both cases, i.e., one formulation optimizes ICV settings only, while two joint configurations also treat producer and injector controls as variables. Various method parametrizations across the range of cases and problem formulations exploit the different search features to improve convergence, achieve final objectives and infer response surface features. The scope of this particular study treats only deterministic problem formulations. Results outline performance trade-offs between parallelizable algorithms (tAPPS, tPSO) with high total runtime search efficiency and the local-search trust-region approach (tDFTR) providing effective objective gains for a low number of cost function evaluations. tAPPS demonstrates robust performance across different problem formulations that can support exploration efforts, e.g., during a pre-drill design phase while multiple independent tDFTR runs can provide local tuning capability around established solutions in a time-constrained post-drill setting. Additional remarks regarding joint completion design optimization, comparison metrics, and relative algorithm performance given the varying problem formulations are also made.
Passive inflow control devices (ICDs) can redistribute the fluid influx (rate per unit length) into the well completion by causing additional pressure drops between the sand face and tubing. The aim of ICDs is to provide an increase in oil recovery and/or net present value (NPV) by reducing unwanted fluids. Software tools exist to model all aspects of ICD, reservoir, well and surface facilities. The challenge addressed by this paper is to provide an understanding of the implications for optimal ICD design over the life of the field, by integrating these models in a consistent manner. This paper investigates different aspects of detailed ICD design on horizontal producers, using a wellcentric reservoir model. The ICD designs from the well-centric models were then applied to a full field reservoir model and integrated studies were then completed. This was achieved by linking several existing software to study the interaction between the ICD design, full field reservoir, well and surface network. Various aspects of the integration of these models were simulated including: artificial lift, water injection strategy and surface network. Predictably, well-centric simulations showed that ICD designs are dependent on the objective function that is being maximized. If NPV is to be optimized, designing ICD strength to have higher production from the heel and toe regions of the well may produce better results than attempting to equalize the inflow for the entire well. Integrated studies showed that artificial lift can be beneficial in combination with ICDs, as the ICDs redistributed the fluid influx into the well, yet the liquid rate reduction due to the additional pressure drop from the ICDs was mitigated. Even when ICDs were shown to be beneficial on standalone reservoir/well models, the design and predicted benefit when a surface network is coupled depends on: how the surface network is operated, surface network constraints and the relative water cut of the well which ICDs are applied to in comparison to the other wells in the field. These results show that ICD design and optimization requires an integrated approach to ensure outcomes that are consistent with the reality of the field.
In this paper, we present a case study of using dual porosity dual permeability (DPDP) simulation for an offshore Abu Dhabi carbonate oil reservoir exhibiting complex flow behavior through matrix, fracture system and conductive faults. The main objective of the study is to present and explain the reservoir flow behaviors by constructing and using advanced reservoir geologic and simulation models. The results of the study will be utilized as part of the inputs for full field development plan. Initially, an extensive work on the faults and fractures characterization was conducted to properly integrate this information into a dynamic model using DPDP modeling approach. However, the poor response of some wells or field sectors indicated the insufficiency of this concept to capture the full complexity of the reservoir system. Consequently, a new geological concept was proposed to represent the effect of enhanced matrix permeability related to facies dissolution process in the reservoir model properties distribution. To perform such model modification, an innovative new approach was developed called "Dissolved pore network" concept, linking matrix permeability to the fraction of matrix rock macro pores system inferred from the pore size distribution of MICP plug analysis. This "Dissolved pore network" concept was originally developed by Schlumberger in previous projects based on their worldwide experiences. The concept was successfully implemented in this study using an empirical equation to enhance the permeability of a certain category of facies affected by the dissolution process. The study successfully demonstrated that the proposed geological concept integrating the dissolved pore network concept with the faults and fractures system in the reservoir modelling workflow allowed better understanding and representation of the reservoir complexity and the well flow behavior. This smart combination of the two distinct systems was never implemented in a similar manner in the oil industry. Therefore, we strongly believe that this successful implementation will pave the way for constructing more realistic reservoir models for a complex reservoir with multiple pore systems.
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