Nanocellulose-based
materials have recently been used to consolidate
degraded cotton painting canvases. Canvas-supported paintings consist
of materials that are sensitive to moisture and especially susceptible
to environmental fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity
(RH). These environmental fluctuations occur in uncontrolled environments
found in historic houses and palaces and can lead to hydrolytic degradation
and mechanical damage to canvases. To simulate this situation in an
experimental setting, canvas samples were mounted in a custom-made
closed-cell and subjected to programmed cycles of RH at a controlled
temperature while exposed to the neutron beam. Results are presented
for both untreated samples and those treated with a polar consolidant,
cellulose nanofibrils (CNF(aq)) in water, and an apolar consolidant,
a composite of persilylated methyl cellulose with surface silylated
cellulose nanocrystals (MC+CNC(h)) in heptane. They were then compared
with changes in ionic conductivities as measured by dielectric analysis
(DEA) with the same cyclic RH program and temperature. Although the
samples were exposed to the same experimental conditions, they presented
treatment-specific responses. CNF-treated canvas showed higher hygroscopicity
than the untreated sample and facilitated moisture diffusion across
the sample to areas not exposed to the environment. A sample treated
with MC+CNC(h) retarded moisture diffusion during the increase in
RH and could, therefore, afford protection to moisture absorption
in uncontrolled environments. Thus, the experimental setup and resulting
data provide a pilot study demonstrating the potential of neutron
radiography in following and comparing real-time moisture diffusion
dynamics in untreated and nanocellulose-consolidated cotton canvases
and assisting in validating the overall benefit of the treatment.