β-Glucosidases from the FungusTrichoderma: An Efficient Cellulase Machinery in Biotechnological Applications

Abstract

β-glucosidases catalyze the selective cleavage of glucosidic linkages and are an important class of enzymes having significant prospects in industrial biotechnology. These are classified in family 1 and family 3 of glycosyl hydrolase family. β-glucosidases, particularly from the fungus Trichoderma, are widely recognized and used for the saccharification of cellulosic biomass for biofuel production. With the rising trends in energy crisis and depletion of fossil fuels, alternative strategies for renewable energy sources need to be developed. However, the major limitation accounts for low production of β-glucosidases by the hyper secretory strains of Trichoderma. In accordance with the increasing significance of β-glucosidases in commercial applications, the present review provides a detailed insight of the enzyme family, their classification, structural parameters, properties, and studies at the genomics and proteomics levels. Furthermore, the paper discusses the enhancement strategies employed for their utilization in biofuel generation. Therefore, β-glucosidases are prospective toolbox in bioethanol production, and in the near future, it might be successful in meeting the requirements of alternative renewable sources of energy.

Predominance of Trichoderma and Penicillium in cellulolytic aerobic filamentous fungi from subtropical and tropical forests in China, and their use in finding highly efficient β-glucosidase

“…Although T. reesei has been extensively studied and reported to produce a highly active extracellular cellulase system, most of its strains produce β-glucosidase at low levels compared with other cellulolytic fungi such as Aspergillus species, because most of its β-glucosidase is bound to its cell wall. Exogenous supplementation of β-glucosidase in T. reesei cellulase preparations has been used as an alternative strategy to increase the rate and extent of cellulose hydrolysis [33]. Nevertheless, wild-type Trichoderma strains producing significant quantities of β-glucosidase have been reported.…”

Microbial β-Glucosidases: Screening, Characterization, Cloning and Applications

“…[10]. β-Glucosidase with broad substrate specificity has been identified from F. oxysporum [121], P. thermophile J18 [59], P. italicum [74], Penicillium simplicissimum [55], A. oryzae [122], Thermobifida fusca [123], and environmental DNA [49].…”

“…In addition, β-glucosidase is diverse group of enzymes that catalyze liberation of nonreducing glucosyl terminal residue from different aryl-, alkyl-β-D-glucosides, β-linked disaccharides and short oligosaccharides [10,11]. β-Glucosidase is ubiquitous enzyme found in bacteria, fungi, plant, and animals including noncellulolytic organisms e.g., human [12,13].…”

Population diversity and genomics of the fungal pathogen of canola Leptosphaeria maculans

“…Of 132 identified families of β-glucosidases, family 3 comprises this enzyme for bacteria and fungi (Tiwari et al, 2013). They are a part of the cellulase enzyme complex along with exoglucanase and endoglucanase that cleave glycosidic linkages (Tiwari et al, 2013;Singhania et al, 2013).…”

“…Of 132 identified families of β-glucosidases, family 3 comprises this enzyme for bacteria and fungi (Tiwari et al, 2013). They are a part of the cellulase enzyme complex along with exoglucanase and endoglucanase that cleave glycosidic linkages (Tiwari et al, 2013;Singhania et al, 2013). They play a role in hydrolysing cellobiose and short chain oligosaccharides to glucose where β-glucosidase enzymatic activity reduces as the glucose chain lengthens (Bhatia et al, 2002).…”