Trypanosoma vivax,T. congolense“forest type” andT. simiae: prevalence in domestic animals of sleeping sickness foci of Cameroon

Nimpaye, H; Njiokou, Flobert; Njiné, Thomas; Njitchouang, Guy R.; Cuny, G; Herder, Stéphane; Asonganyi, Tazoacha; Simo, Gustave

doi:10.1051/parasite/2011182171

Cited by 60 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…However, the low percentage (7.02%) of mixed infections involving different trypanosome species does not corroborate results obtained in other African regions where a high prevalence of mixed infections has been reported in tsetse flies [6,23-28]. The discrepancy between the percentages of mixed infections involving different trypanosome species can be explained by the availability of a suitable host for each trypanosome species.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo

et al. 2012

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BackgroundThe Malanga sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo has shown an epidemic evolution of disease during the last century. However, following case detection and treatment, the prevalence of the disease decreased considerably. No active survey has been undertaken in this focus for a couple of years. To understand the current epidemiological status of sleeping sickness as well as the animal African trypanosomiasis in the Malanga focus, we undertook the identification of tsetse blood meals as well as different trypanosome species in flies trapped in this focus.MethodsPyramidal traps were use to trap tsetse flies. All flies caught were identified and live flies were dissected and their mid-guts collected. Fly mid-gut was used for the molecular identification of the blood meal source, as well as for the presence of different trypanosome species.ResultsAbout 949 Glossina palpalis palpalis were trapped; 296 (31.2%) of which were dissected, 60 (20.3%) blood meals collected and 57 (19.3%) trypanosome infections identified. The infection rates were 13.4%, 5.1%, 3.5% and 0.4% for Trypanosoma congolense savannah type, Trypanosoma brucei s.l., Trypanosoma congolense forest type and Trypanosoma vivax, respectively. Three mixed infections including Trypanosoma brucei s.l. and Trypanosoma congolense savannah type, and one mixed infection of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense savannah type were identified. Eleven Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections were identified; indicating an active circulation of this trypanosome subspecies. Of all the identified blood meals, about 58.3% were identified as being taken on pigs, while 33.3% and 8.3% were from man and other mammals, respectively.ConclusionThe presence of Trypanosoma brucei in tsetse mid-guts associated with human blood meals is indicative of an active transmission of this parasite between tsetse and man. The considerable number of pig blood meals combined with the circulation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in this focus suggests a transmission cycle involving humans and domestic animals and could hamper eradication strategies. The various species of trypanosomes identified in the Malanga sleeping sickness focus indicates the coexistence of animal and human African Trypanosomiasis. The development of new strategies integrating control measures for human and animal trypanosomiasis may enable the reduction of the control costs in this locality.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo

et al. 2012

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“…The infection rate reported here is high than 27.08 % and 18.7% respectively reported in domestic and wild animals of other Central African HAT foci [9,11]. These differences may result from the animal species and the transmission patterns in each setting.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…These differences may result from the animal species and the transmission patterns in each setting. Horses and donkeys were investigated here while pigs, sheep, goats, primates, rodents, carnivores and pangolins were analyzed in other studies [9,11]. Moreover, the environmental conditions in HAT foci of Chad are different from those of HAT foci of the forest regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its direct impact is linked to the reduction of livestock productivity while the indirect impacts are associated with a reduced efficiency of draught animals for crop production [6,7]. Although several trypanosome species have been reported in domestic and wild animals residing within HAT foci in west and central Africa [8,9,10,11,12,13], equines have not been addressed thus far (mules, donkeys and horses). Indeed, the equine population is estimated to more than 127 million with approximately 85% in low income countries [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of Chad

Vourchakbé¹,

Tiofack

Mbida

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Equine trypanosomiases are complex infectious diseases with overlapping clinical signs defined by their mode of transmission. Despite their economic impacts, these diseases have been neglected by the scientific community, the veterinary authorities and regulatory organizations. To fill the observed knowledge gap, we undertook the identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies naturally infecting horses and donkeys within the Chadian sleeping sickness focus. The end objective, being to investigate the potential role of these domestic animals as reservoirs of the human infective Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Method Blood samples were collected from 155 donkeys and 131 horses in three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci of Chad. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) test were used to search for trypanosome infections. DNA was extracted from each blood sample and different trypanosome species and subspecies were identified with molecular tools. Results From 286 blood samples collected, 54 (18.9%) and 36 (12.6%) were respectively positive for RDT and CTC. PCR revealed 194 (67.8%) animals with trypanosome infections. The kappa Cohen coefficients used to evaluate the concordance between the diagnostic methods were low; ranging from 0.087±0.04730 to 0.48 ± 0.06951. Trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon were the most prevalent (29.4%), followed by T. congolense forest (11.5%), T. congolense savannah (4.9%) and T. vivax (4.5%). Two donkeys and one horse from the Maro HAT focus were found with T. b. gambiense infections. Between animal species and HAT foci, no significant differences were observed in the infection rates of different trypanosomes. Conclusion This study revealed several trypanosome species and sub species in donkeys and horses, highlighting the existence of AAT in HAT foci of Chad. The identification of T. b. gambiense in donkeys and horses suggests considering these animals as potential reservoir for HAT in Chad. The presence of both human-infective and human non infective trypanosomes species highlights the need for developing joined control strategies for HAT and AAT.

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“…DNA amplification was performed as previously described [14], using primers specific for Trypanozoon (TBR1: 5’-GAATATTAAACAATGCGCAG-3’ and TBR2: 5’-CCATTTATTAGCTTTGTTGC-3’); T. congolense “ forest type” (TCF1: 5’- GGACACGCCAGAAGTACTT-3’ and TCF2: 5’-GTTCTCGCACCAAATCCAAC-3’); T. congolense “ savannah type” (TCS1: 5’-TCGAGCGAGAACGGGCACTTTGCGA-3’ and TCS2: 5’-ACAATTAGGGACAAACAAATCCCGC-3’); and T. vivax (TVW1: 5’-CTGAGTGCTCCATGTGCCAC-3’ and TVW2: 5’-CCACCAGAACACCAACCTGA-3’) [15]. PCR products were resolved on 2% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide (0.3 μg/ml).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variations relevant to tsetse control in the Bipindi focus of southern Cameroon

et al. 2013

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BackgroundHuman African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a public health problem in many poor countries. Due to lack of financial resources in these countries, cost-effective strategies are needed for efficient control of this scourge, especially the tsetse vector. It was shown that perennial water sources maintain a favourable biotope for tsetse flies and thus the transmission dynamics of sleeping sickness. The present paper aimed at assessing the transmission dynamics of HAT in a forest environment where the hydrographic network is important.MethodsTwo entomological surveys were carried out in July 2009 and March 2010 in the Bipindi sleeping sickness focus of the South Region of Cameroon. Entomological and parasitological data were collected during both trapping periods (including the climate variations throughout a year) and compared to each other. The level of risk for transmission of the disease during each trapping period was also evaluated at the trap level and materialised on the map of the Bipindi focus.ResultsGlossina palpalis palpalis was the most prevalent tsetse fly species captured in this focus. The overall densities of tsetse flies as well as the risk for transmission of HAT in the Bipindi focus were significantly higher in July than in March. At the trap level, we observed that these parameters were almost constant, whatever the trapping period, when the biotope included perennial water sources.ConclusionsThis study shows that the spatial distribution of traps, as well as the temporal climatic variations might influence entomological and parasitological parameters of HAT and that the presence of perennial water sources in biotopes would favour the development of tsetse flies and thus the transmission of sleeping sickness. These factors should, therefore, be taken into account in order to provide more efficient vector control.

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Trypanosoma vivax,T. congolense“forest type” andT. simiae: prevalence in domestic animals of sleeping sickness foci of Cameroon

Cited by 60 publications

References 55 publications

Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of Chad

Spatial and temporal variations relevant to tsetse control in the Bipindi focus of southern Cameroon

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