Trypanosoma cruzi from the Paraguayan Chaco: Isoenzyme Profiles of Strains Isolated at Makthlawaiya1

Abstract

At Makthlawaiya, in the Paraguayan Chaco, the prevalence of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi infection among both domestic Triatoma infestans and domestic dogs was 38%, and IgG anti-T. cruzi antibody was detected by the quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 80% (105/133) of human sera. Ninety percent (25/28) of T. cruzi strains isolated from both T. infestans and dogs showed heterozygous isoenzyme profiles for glucose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. These strains appeared to be closely related to Bolivian zymodeme 2. Three Paraguayan T. cruzi strains showed homozygous isoenzyme profiles, similar to those of major Brazilian zymodemes. It was concluded that T. cruzi strains with heterozygous isoenzyme profiles predominate in domestic transmission cycles in this highly endemic area of the Paraguayan Chaco.

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina

“…TC IId was also frequently identified in human isolates from Paraguay (Chapman et al, 1984), and was the prevalent lineage detected in peripheral blood samples from congenital Chagas disease patients in Argentina (Burgos et al, 2007). Moreover, TC IId has been found in peripheral blood of patients with Chagas disease and AIDS, whereas other lineages such as TC IIb and TC IIe were found in heart, brain and skin lesions (Burgos et al, 2006(Burgos et al, , 2007A.G.…”

Isoenzyme profiles of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from different areas of Paraguay

“…Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the stocks belonging to subgroups 1 and 2 have heterozygous profiles for Gpi, Pgm and 6Pgd loci, hence they should correspond to two different zymodemes named Z39 and Z43 by Tibayrenc (1998) did not present heterozygous patterns (subgroup 3) but gave the same profile as Esmeraldo cl3 stock (Brazilian Z2 reference) at Gpi and 6Pgd loci which was previously characterized by Brenière et al (1998). Previous analysis of Paraguayan T. cruzi stocks by isoenzyme (Chapman et al 1984) and restriction enzyme analysis of kinetoplast DNA (Yamashi et al 1991, Mimori et al 1992 showed that the stocks shared most features of the Bolivian Z2 and Brazilian Z2 T. cruzi stocks. More recent works showed that these zymodemes belong to T. cruzi II (Brenière et al 1998), but are clustered apart in distinct subgroups (Tibayrenc & Miles 1983, Barnabé & Brenière 1999: Bolivian Z2 and Brazilian Z2 belong to Z39 and Z32, respectively, according to Tibayrenc (1998).…”

“…Chapman et al (1984) related T. cruzi stocks isolated in the Presidente Hayes department of the Paraguayan Chaco to the Bolivian zymodeme 2. Yamasaki et al (1990) described similar schizodeme profiles of three isolates from acute Chagas patients from distant geographical areas and related to a Brazilian strain.…”

The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: looking back and to the future

“…Subsequently, a fourth T. cruzi zymodeme (ZIII+ASATI, now TcIIc) was characterized from sylvatic cycles in Amazonian Brazil. Collaborative studies in Bolivia and Paraguay, yielded 2 further groups that were characterized by highly heterozygous novel MLEE profiles (Bolivian ZII, now TcIId and Paraguayan ZII, now TcIIe) (Tibayrenc and Miles, 1983 ;Chapman et al 1984 ;Miles et al 1984). Michel Tibayrenc and his collaborators performed a further series of collaborative T. cruzi genotyping studies in the Americas, initially using MLEE and later supplemented with random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Tibayrenc et al 1993).…”