<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> Transports Virulent<i> Mycoplasma hominis</i> and Transmits the Infection to Human Cells after Metronidazole Treatment: A Potential Role in Bacterial Invasion of Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid

Thu, Tran Thi Trung; Margarita, Valentina; Cocco, Anna Rita; Marongiu, Alessandra; Dessì, Daniele; Rappelli, Paola; Fiori, Pier Luigi

doi:10.1155/2018/5037181

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…T. vaginalis can cause a severe vaginitis, even if 50% of women shows no clear symptoms. Infection is associated to severe pregnancy complications, such as premature birth, premature rupture of membranes and low birth weight [49,50]. Trichomoniasis also contributes to an increasing risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and prostate cancer acquisition [51,52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological activities of essential oil extracted from leaves of Atalantia sessiflora Guillauminin Vietnam

Donadu

et al. 2020

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the chemical compositions and bioactivities of the essential oil of Atalantia sessiflora Guillaumin (A. sessiflora), including antibacterial, antimycotic, antitrichomonas, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. Methodology: The essential oil from leaves of A. sessiflora was extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. Chemical compositions of oil were identified by GC/MS. Antimicrobial and antitrichomonas activity were determined by the microdilution method; anti-inflammatory and antiviral were determined by the MTT method. Results: The average yield of oil was 0.46 ± 0.01% (v/w, dry leaves). A number of 45 constituents were identified by GC/MS. The essential oil comprised four main components. The oil showed antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive strains as Staphylococcus; Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli; and finally four Candida species. Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were least susceptible to the oil of A. sessiflora, as seen in their MIC and MLC values over 16% (v/v). Activity against Trichomonas vaginalis was also undertaken, showing IC50, IC90 and MLC values of 0.016, 0.03 and 0.06% (v/v) respectively, after 48 hours of incubation. The oil of A. sessiflora displayed activity against the nitric oxide generation with the IC50 of 95.94 ± 6.18 µg/mL. The oil was completely ineffective against tested viruses, ssRNA+, ssRNA-, dsRNA, and dsDNA viruses. Conclusions: This is the first yet comprehensive scientific report about the chemical compositions and pharmacological properties of the essential oil of A. sessiflora. Further studies should be done to evaluate the safety and toxicity of A. sessiflora oil.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological activities of essential oil extracted from leaves of Atalantia sessiflora Guillauminin Vietnam

Donadu

et al. 2020

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…Vaginal application of metronidazole can be used in those who were pregnant or possibly pregnant and in those who preferred the method. According to a recent study conducted by Thu et al, treatment of trichomoniasis with metronidazole in pregnant patients may break the endosymbiotic relationship with Mycoplasma hominis , which can cause further morbidity [29]. The authors suggested molecular techniques for diagnosis in such cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance and Treatment Outcomes of Various Regimens for Trichomoniasis in Trinidad and Tobago

et al. 2019

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Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) globally and yet is not a reportable disease. Trichomonas vaginalis is an important source of reproductive morbidity and may increase risk of acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Control Disease Center (CDC) recommend various regimens of nitroimidazole s for treatment. The common nitroimidazoles used for trichomoniasis are metronidazole and tinidazole, which vary in their cost, efficacy, and side effect profile. It is relevant to study these factors for better management of the patients. This study aimed to compare and study the efficacy, compliance of various treatment regimens, their outcomes, and side-effects for trichomoniasis, among STI clinic attendees in Trinidad. A clinical trial study was designed, and after obtaining the informed consent, a routine clinical examination was conducted and the swabs for trichomoniasis tests were collected for diagnosis from the 692 participants. Out of 692 participants, 82 patients with positive diagnosis of Trichomonas infection were treated according to the patient’s choice, using different drug regimens. Compliance to treatment, side effects, and outcome were evaluated. The prevalence of trichomoniasis in the population attending our STI clinic is 11.9% and prevalence of HIV is 9%. Of the total 82 participants for the treatment, 80% were females; nearly 90% of the patients belonged to age group 15–45 years, and over 60% were below 30 years. Among those diagnosed for Trichomonas vaginalis, 14.6% had coexistent HIV infection. The compliance with respect to single dose treatment was significantly better than the long-duration oral regimen and has a significant relation with side effects of the treatment. The outcome is generally better and comparable and shows no significant difference between different treatment regimens used in the study. Metronidazole and tinidazole are commonly used drugs in various regimens. Compliance is better with those treated with tinidazole and metronidazole single dose than with other groups. Outcome is comparable between these regimens, especially when combined with other important factors like abstinence and treatment of the partners. The treatment regimens mainly differed in the compliance side effects profile and duration of therapy, which suggests that to improve the compliance of the drugs with fewer side effects, short course regimen would be a preferred choice.

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“…This localization may provide protection from antibiotics and host immune response to the bacterium. Additionally, Thu and colleagues ( Thi Trung Thu et al, 2018 ) investigated the hypothesis of a potential mechanism by which T. vaginalis may function as a protected niche to transport virulent M. hominis to human cell cultures. Metronidazole treatment of mycoplasma-infected trichomonad cells led to cell stress and death, causing the release of viable bacteria which in turn actively infected cultured human cells, thus mimicking a potential situation which might occur in vivo .…”

Section: Trichomonas Vaginalis and Mycoplasma Homimentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradigms of Protist/Bacteria Symbioses Affecting Human Health: Acanthamoeba species and Trichomonas vaginalis

et al. 2021

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Ever since the publication of the seminal paper by Lynn Margulis in 1967 proposing the theory of the endosymbiotic origin of organelles, the study of the symbiotic relationships between unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes has received ever-growing attention by microbiologists and evolutionists alike. While the evolutionary significance of the endosymbiotic associations within protists has emerged and is intensively studied, the impact of these relationships on human health has been seldom taken into account. Microbial endosymbioses involving human eukaryotic pathogens are not common, and the sexually transmitted obligate parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and the free-living opportunistic pathogen Acanthamoeba represent two unique cases in this regard, to date. The reasons of this peculiarity for T. vaginalis and Acanthamoeba may be due to their lifestyles, characterized by bacteria-rich environments. However, this characteristic does not fully explain the reason why no bacterial endosymbiont has yet been detected in unicellular eukaryotic human pathogens other than in T. vaginalis and Acanthamoeba, albeit sparse and poorly investigated examples of morphological identification of bacteria-like microorganisms associated with Giardia and Entamoeba were reported in the past. In this review article we will present the body of experimental evidences revealing the profound effects of these examples of protist/bacteria symbiosis on the pathogenesis of the microbial species involved, and ultimately their impact on human health.

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Trichomonas vaginalis Transports Virulent Mycoplasma hominis and Transmits the Infection to Human Cells after Metronidazole Treatment: A Potential Role in Bacterial Invasion of Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid

Cited by 28 publications

References 35 publications

Biological activities of essential oil extracted from leaves of Atalantia sessiflora Guillauminin Vietnam

Biological activities of essential oil extracted from leaves of Atalantia sessiflora Guillauminin Vietnam

Compliance and Treatment Outcomes of Various Regimens for Trichomoniasis in Trinidad and Tobago

Paradigms of Protist/Bacteria Symbioses Affecting Human Health: Acanthamoeba species and Trichomonas vaginalis

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