<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> exosome‐like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite‐infected mice

Olmos-Ortiz, L. M.; Barajas-Mendiola, Marco Antonio; Barrios‐Rodiles, Miriam; Castellano, Laura E.; Arias-Negrete, Sergio; Ávila, Eva E.; Cuéllar-Mata, Patricia

doi:10.1111/pim.12426

Cited by 58 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Exosome such as vesicles from T. vaginalis (Tv‐ELVs) upregulates IL‐10 expression in macrophages. Tv‐ELVs pretreated mice exhibit diminished concentrations of vaginal IL‐17 and considerable reduction in vulvar inflammation . These findings indicate that Tv‐ELVs have an immunomodulatory function on the cytokine pattern induced by the parasite …”

Section: T Cell–mediated Immunity During T Vaginalis Infectionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Tv-ELVs pretreated mice exhibit diminished concentrations of vaginal IL-17 and considerable reduction in vulvar inflammation. 46 These findings indicate that Tv-ELVs have an immunomodulatory function on the cytokine pattern induced by the parasite. 46 A subset of CD4 + T lymphocytes, designated as Th22 cells, release IL-22 and TNFα.…”

Section: The Role Of Th17/th22/treg Cell-related Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…46 These findings indicate that Tv-ELVs have an immunomodulatory function on the cytokine pattern induced by the parasite. 46 A subset of CD4 + T lymphocytes, designated as Th22 cells, release IL-22 and TNFα. 12 Elevated expression of both cytokines IL-6 and TNFα, inducers of Th22 cells differentiation, was reported in T. vaginalis-induced macrophages.…”

Section: The Role Of Th17/th22/treg Cell-related Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis

Nemati

Malla

Yadav

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infection leads to the synthesis of specific antibodies in the serum and local secretions. The profile of T. vaginalis-specific antibodies and T cell-mediated immune responses may influence the outcome of infection, towards parasite elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. Studies have indicated that Th1-, Th17- and Th22 cell-related cytokines may be protective or pathogenic, whereas Th2- and Treg cell-related cytokines can exert anti-inflammatory effects during T. vaginalis infection. A number of T. vaginalis-related components such as lipophosphoglycan (TvLPG), α-actinin, migration inhibitory factor (TvMIF), pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), legumain-1 (TvLEGU-1), adhesins and cysteine proteases lead to the induction of specific antibodies. T. vaginalis has acquired several strategies to evade the humoral immune responses such as degradation of immunoglobulins by cysteine proteases, antigenic variation and killing of antibody-producing B cells. The characterization of the T. vaginalis-specific antibodies to significant immunogenic molecules and formulation of strategies to promote their induction in vaginal mucosa may reveal their potential protective effects against trichomoniasis. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of antibody and T cell-mediated immune responses to T. vaginalis and highlight novel insights into the possible role of immune responses in protection against parasite.

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Section: T Cell–mediated Immunity During T Vaginalis Infectionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: The Role Of Th17/th22/treg Cell-related Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: The Role Of Th17/th22/treg Cell-related Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis

Nemati

Malla

Yadav

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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“…Quantification of T. vaginalis EV Uptake by Host Cells. T. vaginalis produces and secretes EVs with physical and biochemical properties similar to mammalian EVs (14,15,27). We previously demonstrated that EVs from this parasite are internalized by the host cell, resulting in modulation of host:parasite adherence and…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EVs produced by several parasites have now been described to module host cell metabolism in many ways (16)(17)(18)(19), including the transfer of virulence factors (20), drug resistance markers (21), and microRNAs that downregulate host cell proteins (22)(23)(24). Pathogen EVs have also been shown to affect host cell proliferation (24,25) and neuronal metabolism (26) and to modulate host immune responses (17,23,24,(27)(28)(29). Additionally, mammalian EVs have been demonstrated to play critical roles in regulating cancer, immunological, and neurological responses (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichomonas vaginalis extracellular vesicles are internalized by host cells using proteoglycans and caveolin-dependent endocytosis

Kumar

Johnson

2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Trichomonas vaginalis, a human-infective parasite, causes the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. This pathogen secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate its interaction with host cells. Here, we have developed assays to study the interface between parasite EVs and mammalian host cells and to quantify EV internalization by mammalian cells. We show that T. vaginalis EVs interact with glycosaminoglycans on the surface of host cells and specifically bind to heparan sulfate (HS) present on host cell surface proteoglycans. Moreover, competition assays using HS or removal of HS from the host cell surface strongly inhibit EV uptake, directly demonstrating that HS proteoglycans facilitate EV internalization. We identified an abundant protein on the surface of T. vaginalis EVs, 4-α-glucanotransferase (Tv4AGT), and show using isothermal titration calorimetry that this protein binds HS. Tv4AGT also competitively inhibits EV uptake, defining it as an EV ligand critical for EV internalization. Finally, we demonstrate that T. vaginalis EV uptake is dependent on host cell cholesterol and caveolin-1 and that internalization proceeds via clathrin-independent, lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. These studies reveal mechanisms used to drive host:pathogen interactions and further our understanding of how EVs are internalized by target cells to allow cross-talk between different cell types.

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Guidelines for the purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles of parasites

Fernandez‐Becerra,

Xander,

Alfandari

et al. 2023

J of Extracellular Bio

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Parasites are responsible for the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting over a billion people worldwide (WHO, 2015) and accounting for billions of cases a year and responsible for several millions of deaths. Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has increased in recent years and demonstrated that EVs shed by pathogenic parasites interact with host cells playing an important role in the parasite's survival, such as facilitation of infection, immunomodulation, parasite adaptation to the host environment and the transfer of drug resistance factors. Thus, EVs released by parasites mediate parasite‐parasite and parasite‐host intercellular communication. In addition, they are being explored as biomarkers of asymptomatic infections and disease prognosis after drug treatment. However, most current protocols used for the isolation, size determination, quantification and characterization of molecular cargo of EVs lack greater rigor, standardization, and adequate quality controls to certify the enrichment or purity of the ensuing bioproducts. We are now initiating major guidelines based on the evolution of collective knowledge in recent years. The main points covered in this position paper are methods for the isolation and molecular characterization of EVs obtained from parasite‐infected cell cultures, experimental animals, and patients. The guideline also includes a discussion of suggested protocols and functional assays in host cells

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Trichomonas vaginalis exosome‐like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite‐infected mice

Cited by 58 publications

References 46 publications

Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis

Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis extracellular vesicles are internalized by host cells using proteoglycans and caveolin-dependent endocytosis

Guidelines for the purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles of parasites

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