<i>Triatoma ryckmani</i>(Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Epiphyte<i>Tillandsia xerographica</i>(Bromeliaceae) in the Semiarid Region of Guatemala : Table 1

Marroquín, Ricardo; Monroy, Carlota; Jaenson, Thomas G. T.

doi:10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.321

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Given that (1) triatomines can live for several months in starvation, (2) the vast majority of insects sampled here were adults, which ingest proportionally smaller blood meals than nymphs, and (3) many field studies have found that specimens are often starved at the moment of collection, it was not surprising that we were able to confirm putative sources of blood meal from just 25% of the abdomens analyzed [ 80 – 83 ]. Nevertheless, the fact that contamination from human handling was uniformly present across samples, the RADseq approach was arguably least effective at resolving vector-feeding patterns, and is likely to be useful only for very recent or large blood meals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering vector, parasite, blood meal and microbiome patterns from mixed-DNA specimens of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata

et al. 2018

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Chagas disease, considered a neglected disease by the World Health Organization, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted by >140 triatomine species across the Americas. In Central America, the main vector is Triatoma dimidiata, an opportunistic blood meal feeder inhabiting both domestic and sylvatic ecotopes. Given the diversity of interacting biological agents involved in the epidemiology of Chagas disease, having simultaneous information on the dynamics of the parasite, vector, the gut microbiome of the vector, and the blood meal source would facilitate identifying key biotic factors associated with the risk of T. cruzi transmission. In this study, we developed a RADseq-based analysis pipeline to study mixed-species DNA extracted from T. dimidiata abdomens. To evaluate the efficacy of the method across spatial scales, we used a nested spatial sampling design that spanned from individual villages within Guatemala to major biogeographic regions of Central America. Information from each biotic source was distinguished with bioinformatics tools and used to evaluate the prevalence of T. cruzi infection and predominant Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) in the region, the population genetic structure of T. dimidiata, gut microbial diversity, and the blood meal history. An average of 3.25 million reads per specimen were obtained, with approximately 1% assigned to the parasite, 20% to the vector, 11% to bacteria, and 4% to putative blood meals. Using a total of 6,405 T. cruzi SNPs, we detected nine infected vectors harboring two distinct DTUs: TcI and a second unidentified strain, possibly TcIV. Vector specimens were sufficiently variable for population genomic analyses, with a total of 25,710 T. dimidiata SNPs across all samples that were sufficient to detect geographic genetic structure at both local and regional scales. We observed a diverse microbiotic community, with significantly higher bacterial species richness in infected T. dimidiata abdomens than those that were not infected. Unifrac analysis suggests a common assemblage of bacteria associated with infection, which co-occurs with the typical gut microbial community derived from the local environment. We identified vertebrate blood meals from five T. dimidiata abdomens, including chicken, dog, duck and human; however, additional detection methods would be necessary to confidently identify blood meal sources from most specimens. Overall, our study shows this method is effective for simultaneously generating genetic data on vectors and their associated parasites, along with ecological information on feeding patterns and microbial interactions that may be followed up with complementary approaches such as PCR-based parasite detection, 18S eukaryotic and 16S bacterial barcoding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering vector, parasite, blood meal and microbiome patterns from mixed-DNA specimens of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata

et al. 2018

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“…More recently, the natural habitats of T. ryckmani were discovered in a semiarid region of El Progreso Department, Guatemala, in cacti (Stenocercus eichlamii) and epiphytic bromeliads (Tillandsia xerographica). In the first instance, all instars of the bug were found in the dry portions of the cactus (Marroquín et al 2004a, Monroy et al 2004; in the second situation, colonies of the bugs were also found within the leaves of the bromeliads growing on trees, including the cacti (Marroquín et al 2004b). The species has also been found in at least four Departments of Nicaragua in small numbers in houses, under intra and peridomiciliary conditions (Marín et al 2006 Here we describe, for the first time, the entire life cycle of T. ryckmani under laboratory conditions and the blood patterns of the different instars from specimens collected under natural conditions in Guatemala.…”

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confidence: 99%

Life cycle of Triatoma ryckmani (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the laboratory, feeding patterns in nature and experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi

Zeledón

Cordero

Marroquín

et al. 2010

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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1972). Later on, three more female specimens were found in airplanes in Miami, United States, one from Honduras and two from Guatemala, the latter together with bromeliad plants in air freight (Lent & Wygodzynsky 1979). The first male specimen was found near the town of Santa Cruz, Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica (Sherlock & Morera 1988). Carcavallo et al. (1996) did an external morphological study, with scanning electron microscopy, of another male specimen, collected in Santa Rosa, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. More recently, the natural habitats of T. ryckmani were discovered in a semiarid region of El Progreso Department, Guatemala, in cacti (Stenocercus eichlamii) and epiphytic bromeliads (Tillandsia xerographica). In the first instance, all instars of the bug were found in the dry portions of the cactus (Marroquín et al. 2004a, Monroy et al. 2004; in the second situation, colonies of the bugs were also found within the leaves of the bromeliads growing on trees, including the cacti (Marroquín et al. 2004b). The species has also been found in at least four Departments of Nicaragua in small numbers in houses, under intra and peridomiciliary conditions (Marín et al. 2006 Here we describe, for the first time, the entire life cycle of T. ryckmani under laboratory conditions and the blood patterns of the different instars from specimens collected under natural conditions in Guatemala. MATERIALS AND METHODSA colony was started from specimens captured in June 2005 in bromeliads from a semidesertic area of the Department El Progreso, Guatemala, 89 km from the capital. The climate is hot and dry with a mean maxima temperature of 34.3°C (2003-2008) and a mean annual rain fall of 762.2 mm for the same period.A cohort was initiated with 121 eggs laid, during a period of six weeks, by one female captured as a 5th instar nymph. The eggs, obtained during different days, were separated in nine groups of 8-18 eggs, by date of oviposition, in 10 cm diameter plastic Petri dishes with filter paper on the bottom. They were incubated at a constant temperature with relatively little variation during the experiment (mean ± SD: 26.0 ± 0.37) and 62.0 ± 3.32 relative humidity.Each group was fed on anesthetized hamster (0.25 mL of a mixture of Ketamine, 3 parts and xylazine, 1 part) by xenodiagnosis in a small box, during 40-60 minutes, every two weeks and evidence of ecdyses was monitored daily. First instar nymphs were fed at 4-5 days after hatching. Up to the 4th instar, the nymphs required from 2-4 meals for molting; 4th and 5th instars required 5-7 meals and 9-12, respectively, even though they usually fed readily to repletion.The sources of blood meals of 37 insects, obtained from T. xerographica, were collected individually from the stomach in separate filter papers for each one and after eluded they were identified by the capillary tube precipitin test with antisera against 15 different hosts (human, fowl, dog, cat, horse, goat, cow, pig, sheep, rodent, opossum, armadillo, toad, lizard and insect hemolymph), following th...

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“…ryckmani, which occurs in Guatemala and Honduras (Zeledón and Ponce, 1972;Carcavallo et al, 1999;Marroquín et al, 2004;present study), sometimes in domestic areas (present study), should not be overlooked. The involvement of Tri.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Geographical characterization of the triatomine infestations in north–central Guatemala

Nakagawa¹,

Juárez

Nakatsuji³

et al. 2005

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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In an entomological study in 2002, the degree of domestic and peridomestic infestation with triatomine bugs and the geographical distribution of such infestations were investigated in north-central Guatemala. The survey team searched for triatomines in houses constructed with mud walls or thatched roofs, in villages suspected of being infested. The level of infestation observed was lower than that seen in the same area and in eastern Guatemala, in a preliminary survey, 3 years earlier. Most of the infestations detected were of Triatoma dimidiata but even this species was found in <7% of the houses investigated. Infestations with Rhodnius prolixus or other potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi were much rarer. The generally low levels of infestation make the elimination of R. prolixus and the reduction of the domestic population of Tri. dimidiata feasible in the study area. The southern part of the study area had higher levels of domestic infestation and colonization than the north, and peridomestic infestation was highest in the south-west. Given such geographical variation in the pattern of infestation, it would seem wise to stratify the study region into areas of high, moderate and low-risk of human-triatomine contact, so that appropriate vector-control strategies can be targeted at the worst-affected areas. Regular entomological surveillance, ideally with community participation, is recommended. Analysis of the relationship between the geographical patterns of infestation and factors such as vegetation, altitude and vector migration would be useful.

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Triatoma ryckmani(Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the EpiphyteTillandsia xerographica(Bromeliaceae) in the Semiarid Region of Guatemala : Table 1

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Uncovering vector, parasite, blood meal and microbiome patterns from mixed-DNA specimens of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata

Uncovering vector, parasite, blood meal and microbiome patterns from mixed-DNA specimens of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata

Life cycle of Triatoma ryckmani (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the laboratory, feeding patterns in nature and experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi

Geographical characterization of the triatomine infestations in north–central Guatemala

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