"I Think He Is in His Room Playing a Video Game": Parental Supervision of Young Elementary-School Children at Home

Morrongiello, Barbara A.; Kane, Alexa; Zdzieborski, Daniel

doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq065

Cited by 35 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Research has indicated that higher levels of direct supervision are associated with lower injury rates in children up to 10 years of age [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. A study comparing parent supervision practices for children aged 2 to 6.5 years attending an emergency department for an injury with an age/sex matched control group attending for an illness, found that the control group received significantly higher levels of supervision [ 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the Relationship between Risky Outdoor Play and Health in Children? A Systematic Review

Brussoni

Gibbons

Gray

et al. 2015

IJERPH

352

259

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Risky outdoor play has been associated with promoting children’s health and development, but also with injury and death. Risky outdoor play has diminished over time, concurrent with increasing concerns regarding child safety and emphasis on injury prevention. We sought to conduct a systematic review to examine the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children, in order to inform the debate regarding its benefits and harms. We identified and evaluated 21 relevant papers for quality using the GRADE framework. Included articles addressed the effect on health indicators and behaviours from three types of risky play, as well as risky play supportive environments. The systematic review revealed overall positive effects of risky outdoor play on a variety of health indicators and behaviours, most commonly physical activity, but also social health and behaviours, injuries, and aggression. The review indicated the need for additional “good quality” studies; however, we note that even in the face of the generally exclusionary systematic review process, our findings support the promotion of risky outdoor play for healthy child development. These positive results with the marked reduction in risky outdoor play opportunities in recent generations indicate the need to encourage action to support children’s risky outdoor play opportunities. Policy and practice precedents and recommendations for action are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the Relationship between Risky Outdoor Play and Health in Children? A Systematic Review

Brussoni

Gibbons

Gray

et al. 2015

IJERPH

352

259

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, past research has shown that supervision is an effective strategy to reduce children's and teens' risk taking behaviors (Barton & Schwebel, 2007;Reid & Patterson, 1989;Sampson & Laub, 1994;Schwebel & Bounds, 2003;Snyder & Patterson, 1987) and to prevent injuries to preschoolers and older children (Morrongiello, Walpole, & McArthur 2009;Morrongiello, Kane, Bell, 2011;Morrongiello, Kane, Zdzieborski, 2011). The rationale was that close supervision would keep the child safe as s/he explored the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the limited time and energy they have, parents have to behave efficiently. In addition, parents often substitute teaching about safety for more effortful practices (e.g., continuous watchful supervision) as children age, with the expectation that children can assume increasing responsibility for their own safety (Morrongiello, Kane, & Zdzieborski, 2011;Morrongiello et al, 2004b). This notion also is relevant to parenting.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extent of effort to implement poison prevention strategies, for example, predicted whether or not parents did these actions (Morrongiello & Kiriakou, 2004). In addition, parents often substitute teaching about safety for more effortful practices (e.g., continuous watchful supervision) as children age, with the expectation that children can assume increasing responsibility for their own safety (Morrongiello, Kane, & Zdzieborski, 2011;Morrongiello et al, 2004b).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Motor development as a context for understanding parent safety practices

Morrongiello

Cox

2016

Developmental Psychobiology

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In most industrialized countries, injuries are the leading cause of death for children 1 through 18 years of age. For infants, many injuries occur in the home when they are acquiring new motor milestones. Thus, as infants' motor competencies change with development, creating increasing opportunities for them to interact with hazards, parent safety strategies need to adapt in synchrony in order to sustain a safe ecological niche and prevent injuries. The present study examined parent safety practices when infants were pre-mobile (i.e., capable of sitting independently) and mobile (i.e., capable of walking independently), with the goal being to examine how parents alter these practices in the context of changes in infant motor capabilities, what motivates these parenting changes, and how well they work to prevent injuries. For pre-mobile infants, parents often used devices to constrain their infants' movements and they did so primarily for convenience; mobile infants were seldom constrained. Supervision was a safety strategy applied at both stages, but parents maintained greater proximity for pre-mobile than mobile infants. Environmental modifications were also used for mobile infants. Parental supervision was negatively associated with injuries in the preceding month, whereas environmental modifications were positively associated with injuries. Parents at both stages rated their infants' behaviors as highly predictable but expected them to become less predictable in the near future. However, they also anticipated reducing supervision and increasing teaching during this timeframe. Implications of these findings for injury prevention are discussed.

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“…To examine their injury-risk appraisals related to diving, they gave ratings of dangerousness, likelihood of injury, severity of potential injury, and stated whether or not one can wind up in a wheelchair for life from diving. Children 7 to 10 years were tested because this represents an age range in which children increasingly receive less direct supervision and make more autonomous decisions about their activities [ 24 ] and at these ages they are at risk for experiencing diving related injuries [ 10 ]. In addition to age, gender differences also were considered in examining the results because boys generally experience more diving related injuries than girls [ 10 ]; such differential injury rates could indicate boys and girls differ in their understanding of warning signs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children’s Understanding of No Diving Warning Signs: Implications for Preventing Childhood Injury

Morrongiello

Cox

Scott

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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The current study examined children’s understanding of No Diving warning signs. Normally-developing 7 to 10 year olds were asked questions to assess their understanding of text, images, and main messages on No Diving warning signs. These structured interviews were audio recorded and responses were later coded. Results revealed that children understood the behavior advised against (diving), why it is prohibited (can hit head on the bottom), and what can happen (serious injury including hospitalization). They understood that breaking your neck results in limitations in mobility and can occur from diving, but they did not anticipate that such an injury is likely to occur. There were no gender and few age differences, but diving experience was associated with children significantly downplaying their risk of injury. The findings suggest that having No Diving warning signs explicitly mention a broken neck, may serve to remind children of this potential consequence at the time of decision making. Active adult supervision is particularly important for children who have prior positive diving experiences.

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"I Think He Is in His Room Playing a Video Game": Parental Supervision of Young Elementary-School Children at Home

Abstract: These results extend those from preschool-aged children and suggest that caregiver supervision influences risk of injury across a broad age range throughout childhood. Implications for children's safety are discussed.

Cited by 35 publications

References 28 publications

What is the Relationship between Risky Outdoor Play and Health in Children? A Systematic Review

What is the Relationship between Risky Outdoor Play and Health in Children? A Systematic Review

Motor development as a context for understanding parent safety practices

Children’s Understanding of No Diving Warning Signs: Implications for Preventing Childhood Injury

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