The Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium

Formation of Metallic Nanowires by Laser Ablation in Liquid Helium

“…2). In solid helium the target exposed to the high power laser radiation heats up and melts the helium crystal in a nearby volume of several mm 3 (Fig. 1).…”

“…Liquid 4 He is a peculiar solvent because of its low temperature, exceptionally low electric polarizability, large heat conductivity, high purity and chemical inertness. In particular the heat conductivity of liquid helium above T = 2.17 K (He I) is ≈0.02 W/m·K (compare to 0.58 W/m·K for water or 0.17 W/m·K for ethanol at room temperature), whereas in the superfluid helium (He II) below T = 2.17 K the heat flow becomes nonlinear function of the temperature gradient and is several orders of magnitude higher than in He I [3]. Viscosity of He I is ≈2 × 10 −6 Pa·s (that is three orders of magnitude smaller than that of water at room temperature) and vanishes in He II.…”

Constitutive equations for heat conduction in nanosystems and nonequilibrium processes: an overview

“…Here we give a brief introduction to the problem of heat transport along thin tubes, which is in fact one of the most challenging topics in heat transfer [81,83,84].…”

A search for stable strange quark matter nuggets in helium

“…Since there are numerous cryopumps in the spectrometer, one must consider the effects on the boiling point of changing the nuclear mass in helium from 4 to 65 u. This is described in detail by Wilks [19], who gives the procedure for determining the boiling point for 65 He; we calculated it to be 7 K. Thus the cryopumps in the system, which operate at a variety of temperatures, but always above 10 K, should not affect the strangelet to 4 He abundance ratio.…”