TheOptical EvaluationofSmoke or Participate MatterCollected onFilter Paper

Sanderson, H. P.; Katz, Michael

doi:10.1080/00022470.1963.10468208

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A non-linearity was also noticed in Australia (Sullivan 1962) and South-Africa (Kemeny 1962). In Canada (Sanderson and Katz 1963) a Whatman-52 filter with smaller pores was used for which still a quite nonlinear dependence was seen. We proceed to address this nonlinearity in a quantitative way via the analogy of the CoH approach with that of the Black Smoke method and that in the method to measure the so-called Filter Smoke Number (FSN), the standard method for diesel soot emissions (e.g.…”

Section: Experimental Method Uncertainties and Nonlinear Relation Of Coh And Loadingmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…This non-linearity is in contrast to the linear relation of CoH and filter loading claimed by the manufacturer at the time of invention (Hemeon, Haines, and Ide 1953). However, a non-linearity was already found shortly after introduction in studies in Australia (Sullivan 1962), Canada (Sanderson and Katz 1963) and South-Africa (Kemeny 1962) and also in a study in the late 1960s in the US (Ingram and Golden 1973). We use the latter study here because the highly similar Black Smoke (BS) method was also tested there.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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On the nonlinear relation between the Coefficient of Haze and Elemental Carbon mass concentration

Brink

Hitzenberger

2021

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Coefficient of Haze (CoH) was the official proxy for the mass concentration of particulate matter in the US from ca. 1950 onwards. Originally, a linearity between CoH and sample load was claimed, but although shortly after the introduction of the method it was found that the relation between mass loading and the fraction of light 10 absorbed by the sample was identical to the nonlinear curve of the European "Black Smoke" (BS) method this correction was not officially adopted. We found that BS is a linear proxy for Elemental Carbon (EC) enabling an easy nonlinear conversion of CoH to EC concentration. Earlier it had been assumed that light-absorption by a sample is equal in the two methods, although CoH is obtained by light transmission while BS by light reflection. The "Filter Smoke Number" (FSN), used for diesel-soot emissions, is in essence the light-absorption by samples collected on the same filter type as in the CoH method (but probed in reflection). We noticed that the curve relating load and FSN is indistinguishable from the BS/EC curve. Ingram showed that light-absorption measured in reflection and transmission for this filter type is highly similar, so the standard BS/EC curve can be used to compare BS/EC and CoH. At low loadings the relation of EC concentration and CoH was quite similar to the equivalency factor of Black Carbon (BC) concentration and CoH. At CoH = 8, the historic limit of a severe smog day; however, the EC/BC-concentration alone was three times higher than that based on a (linear) equivalency factor. At CoH = 8, EC/BC mass concentrations alone reached the OSHA 8-hr workplace exposure limit of 150 µg m −3 for total carbon (the sum of organic carbon (OC) and EC).Implications: In this MS we show that the historic database of Coefficient of Haze (CoH) data can be converted to Elemental Carbon (EC) concentrations via several steps involving other historic and current measurement techniques (the European Black Smoke (BS) technique and techniques to measure Black Carbon (BC) and EC). The originally claimed linear relation between CoH and sample load is in reality a strongly nonlinear relation, so using the original linear relation leads to severe underestimations of historic EC concentrations especially on days with high concentrations of EC.

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Section: Experimental Method Uncertainties and Nonlinear Relation Of Coh And Loadingmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

On the nonlinear relation between the Coefficient of Haze and Elemental Carbon mass concentration

Brink

Hitzenberger

2021

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…From a practical point of view, the measurements of optical constants can be traceable to those usually indicated as "smokeshade" or "soiling index", which measure the amount of light absorbed or reflected by a filter loaded with particulate matter in order to estimate the surface mass concentration and, ultimately, the gravimetric concentration (18).…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical absorption constant of suspended particulate matter. An air pollution index

Allegrini¹

1980

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The relative importance of vehicular and domestic emissions of dark smoke in Greater London in the mid-1970s, the significance of smoke shade measurements, and an explanation of the relationship of smoke shade to gravimetric measurements of particulate

Ball

Hume

1977

Atmospheric Environment (1967)

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TheOptical EvaluationofSmoke or Participate MatterCollected onFilter Paper

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

On the nonlinear relation between the Coefficient of Haze and Elemental Carbon mass concentration

On the nonlinear relation between the Coefficient of Haze and Elemental Carbon mass concentration

Optical absorption constant of suspended particulate matter. An air pollution index

The relative importance of vehicular and domestic emissions of dark smoke in Greater London in the mid-1970s, the significance of smoke shade measurements, and an explanation of the relationship of smoke shade to gravimetric measurements of particulate

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