T-Test for Terrorism: Did the Introduction of Proportional Representation Reduce the Terrorist Threat? A Time-Series Case Study of Algeria and Northern Ireland

Qvortrup, Matt

doi:10.1080/1057610x.2014.991165

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Representasi proporsional berperan penting dalam mengurangi jumlah insiden maupun teror. Karena teror di dalam demokrasi terjadi ketika warga negara memiliki kesempatan yang tidak memadai untuk membuat diri mereka didengar, dan ketika mereka gagal terwakili dengan cara yang berarti (Qvortrup, 2015). Pada hakekatnya, minimnya representasi politik dalam demokrasi dapat membahayakan sistem politik dan membuka jalan bagi proses radikalisasi.…”

Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasan  Radikalisme Dan Tantangan Baru Demokr...unclassified

Fake Radicalism dan Tantangan Baru Demokrasi Indonesia (Studi Kasus Laporan GAR ITB Terhadap DIN SYAMSUDIN ke KASN dan BKN)

Farchan,

Kusumoningtyas

2023

JIDB

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In October 2020 and January 2021, the Anti-Radicalism Movement (GAR) alumni of the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) reported the former Chairman of Muhammadiyah, Din Syamsuddin, to the State Civil Apparatus Commission (KASN). GAR believes that Din has violated the law which prohibits the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) from engaging in politics. The accusations against Din sparked a public reaction because they were linked to radicalism. This report with nuances of stigmatization and character assassination also provoked a strong reaction from Muslims, especially the Muhammadiyah extended family, because it was considered to be cornering them. Azyumardi Azra called the report absurd, baseless and unreasonable. Din Syamsudin's reporting because he was considered radical was considered to be part of the phenomenon of the emergence of fake radicalism. This research aims to answer two main problems, namely; why can fake radicalism emerge in democratic countries and, what are the implications of fake radicalism for the sustainability and future of Indonesian democracy? This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. The case study raised is the phenomenon of fake radicalism in Indonesia related to the GAR Alumni ITB report against Din Syamsuddin. Analysis was carried out using a descriptive analysis approach. The data collection techniques are carried out through observation, literature study and documentation related to the research object. As for the results of the research carried out, several findings were obtained, namely that in this case, radicalism was used as a negative stigma for anyone who was considered to be against the state or politically at odds with power. Fake radicalism refers to efforts to radicalize groups that are considered to be opposed to the state (power) even though the movement, criticism or protest carried out does not in any way lead to an attempt to completely overhaul the existing social and political order using violence - religious radicalism which leads to terrorist movement. Reports about Din Syamsudin being considered radical are not only a form of academic harassment, but are also part of the phenomenon of the emergence of fake radicalism. Fake radicalism which is the basis of this stigmatization actually has the potential to threaten democracy, diversity and national political life.Pada Oktober 2020 dan Januari 2021, Gerakan Anti Radikalisme (GAR) alumni Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) melaporkan mantan Ketua Umum Muhammadiyah, Din Syamsuddin ke Komisi Aparatur Sipil Negara (KASN). GAR menilai Din telah melanggar Undang-Undang yang melarang Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) berpolitik. Tuduhan terhadap Din memicu reaksi publik karena dihubungkan dengan radikalisme. Laporan bernuansa stigmatisasi dan pembunuhan karakter ini juga memancing reaksi keras umat Islam terutama keluarga besar Muhammadiyah karena dianggap menyudutkan. Azyumardi Azra menyebut laporan itu absurd, tidak berdasar, dan tidak masuk akal. Pelaporan Din Syamsudin karena dianggap radikal, dinilai menjadi bagian dari fenomena munculnya fake radicalism atau radikalisme palsu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab dua permasalahan pokok yaitu; mengapa fake radicalism bisa muncul di negara demokrasi dan bagaimana implikasi fake radicalism terhadap keberlangsungan dan masa depan demokrasi Indonesia? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Studi kasus yang diangkat adalah fenomena fake radicalism di Indonesia terkait laporan GAR Alumni ITB terhadap Din Syamsuddin. Analisis dilakukan dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, studi pustaka serta dokumentasi yang berkaitan dengan objek penelitian. Adapun hasil penelitian yang dilakukan didapatkan beberapa temuan, yakni di kasus ini, radikalisme digunakan sebagai stigma negatif bagi siapapun yang dianggap melawan negara atau berseberangan secara politik dengan kekuasaan. Fake radicalism merujuk pada upaya meradikalkan kelompok-kelompok yang dianggap menentang negara (kekuasaan) meskipun gerakan, kritik atau protes yang dilakukan sama sekali tidak mengarah pada usaha untuk merombak secara total tatanan sosial dan politik yang ada dengan menggunakan jalan kekerasan radikalisme agama yang mengarah kepada gerakan terorisme. Laporan terhadap Din Syamsudin yang dianggap radikal, bukan saja suatu bentuk pelecehan akademik, tetapi juga menjadi bagian dari fenomena munculnya fake radicalism. Fake radicalism yang menjadi dasar stigmatisasi tersebut justru berpotensi mengancam demokrasi, keberagaman dan kehidupan politik nasional.

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Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasan  Radikalisme Dan Tantangan Baru Demokr...unclassified

Fake Radicalism dan Tantangan Baru Demokrasi Indonesia (Studi Kasus Laporan GAR ITB Terhadap DIN SYAMSUDIN ke KASN dan BKN)

Farchan,

Kusumoningtyas

2023

JIDB

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“…Electoral institutions shape individuals' incentives to pursue conventional (peaceful) ways of attaining their political goals (Aksoy and Carter 2014, 185). Proportional representation plays a signi cant role in reducing the number of terrorist incidents because terrorism in democracies takes place when the citizens have inadequate opportunities to make themselves heard, and when they fail to be represented in any meaningful way (Qvortrup 2015). Essentially, the lack of political representation in democracy can endanger the political system and pave the way for the process of radicalization.…”

Section: Multiparty Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…erefore, it is expected that greater in uence over policy making-i.e. by participating in coalitions or concessions on important legislation, which are often the result of multi-party systems found in countries with proportional representation (Lijphart 2012)-would discourage minority groups from resorting to any form of political violence (Qvortrup 2015).…”

Section: Multiparty Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Roots of Indonesia's Resilience Against Violent Extremism

Jamhari

Testriono

2021

Stud. Islam.

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This article explores Indonesia’s institutional foundations to understand the country’s resilience against violent extremism. First, Pancasila has been the foundation of an inclusive state that can bind Indonesian diversity. Second, multiparty elections allow Islamist groups to participate in politics and express their aspirations constitutionally, thus moderating their violent strategies. Third, the support of the largest Islamic organizations, especially NU and Muhammadiyah, for counterterrorism and law enforcement against extremist orchestrated by the government. Both organizations exhibit a stronghold essential to countering the Salafi jihadist ideology. However, although infrequent and small in scale, the continued acts of violent extremism in Indonesia have shown that there is still room for the terrorist ideology to grow. Some Islamic educational institutions deliberately educate students to support Islamism, and some students are introduced to Salafi jihadist ideology. Such a development should serve as a warning for the government to pay more attention to the curriculum and teachers, especially in Islamic educational institutions.

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“…While research on technology-facilitated terrorism has increased (Archetti, 2013; Mair, 2017; Rudner, 2017), only a handful of papers have incorporated empirical analyses of cyberterrorism (Canetti et al, 2017; Gross et al, 2016, 2017; Qvortrup, 2015). This article attempts to add to the dearth of empirical research into cyberterrorism (Conway, 2005, 2017; Holt et al, 2019; Zelin, 2013) by conducting a systematic analysis of the relationship between actors and victims in cyberterrorism, resulting from increased use of technology and cyberspace to plan, execute, monitor, and evaluate the results of their attacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Global Cyberterror Networks: An Empirical Study of Al-Qaeda and ISIS Cyberterrorism Events

Lee

Choi

Shandler

et al. 2021

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

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This study explores the internal dynamics and networks of terrorist groups in cyberspace—in particular, Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). Using a “Global Cyberterrorism Dataset” that features data on cyberterror attacks between 2011 and 2016, this research analyzes these two terrorist groups through the lens of a cyber-conflict theory that integrates conflict theory with Jaishankar’s space transition theory. Through a network analysis methodology, we examine the invisible relationships and connections between the national origins and target countries of cyberterror attacks. The analysis focuses on the networks of national origins of terrorists and victims, network structures of Al-Qaeda and ISIS actors, and clustering networks of Al-Qaeda and ISIS cyberterrorists. Results indicate that terror in cyberspace is ubiquitous, more flexible than traditional terrorism, and that cyberattacks mostly occurred within the countries of origin. We conclude by discussing the complex features of cyberterror networks and identify some of the geostrategic implications of the divergent cyber strategies adopted by Al-Qaeda and ISIS.

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T-Test for Terrorism: Did the Introduction of Proportional Representation Reduce the Terrorist Threat? A Time-Series Case Study of Algeria and Northern Ireland

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Fake Radicalism dan Tantangan Baru Demokrasi Indonesia (Studi Kasus Laporan GAR ITB Terhadap DIN SYAMSUDIN ke KASN dan BKN)

Fake Radicalism dan Tantangan Baru Demokrasi Indonesia (Studi Kasus Laporan GAR ITB Terhadap DIN SYAMSUDIN ke KASN dan BKN)

The Roots of Indonesia's Resilience Against Violent Extremism

Mapping Global Cyberterror Networks: An Empirical Study of Al-Qaeda and ISIS Cyberterrorism Events

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