Streptococcus Sanguinis Biofilm Formation & Interaction with Oral Pathogens

Abstract

Caries and periodontitis are the two most common human dental diseases and are caused by dysbiosis of oral flora. Although commensal microorganisms have been demonstrated to protect against pathogens and promote oral health, most previous studies have addressed pathogenesis rather than commensalism. Streptococcus sanguinis is a commensal bacterium that is abundant in the oral biofilm and whose presence is correlated with health. Here, we focus on the mechanism of biofilm formation in S. sanguinis and the interaction of S. sanguinis with caries- and periodontitis-associated pathogens. In addition, since S. sanguinis is well known as a cause of infective endocarditis, we discuss the relationship between S. sanguinis biofilm formation and its pathogenicity in endocarditis.

Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Oral Biofilms: Current State, Mechanisms, Influencing Factors, and Prospects

“…At the macro level, changes of the dominant flora and structure of the bacterial community, and differences in biofilm growth kinetics, are often observed. At the microscopic level, differences in the level of bacterial metabolism and physiological processes can be found . Overall, media should be selected to support and promote the normal formation of the relevant oral biofilm being studied.…”

“…Most of the research on the effects of nanoparticles on oral pathogenic biofilms has been in vitro studies. Moreover, most studies have focused on common pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity, such as Streptococcus sanguinis , Streptococcus mutans , Enterococcus faecalis , and Porphyromonaspores and Prevotella intermedia. In addition, most studies use a single monospecies biofilm model, which neglects the interactions between microbes, and are greatly different from a real “multi‐species oral biofilm.” These differences may lead in vitro studies to conclusions that are different than if an accurate and complete biofilm model of the mouth was used.…”

“…In addition, the toxicity and metabolic characteristics of a single species of bacteria are often not the same as when they are present in an oral biofilm. This may explain why there are inconsistencies in existing research on the relations of single bacterial strains in the oral cavity and diseases . Thus, research using a single bacterial strain to develop effective treatments for oral biofilm‐related diseases is limited.…”

“…The presence of oral pathogenic biofilms is responsible for the development of chronic oral infections, such as caries and periodontitis. They can also cause systemic diseases, including those of the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovascular system ( Figure ). At the same time, oral biofilms often harbor opportunistic pathogens and are the source of recurrent infections.…”

CariogenicStreptococcus mutansproduces strain-specific antibiotics that impair commensal colonization

“…Furthermore, although the growth of S. mutans B04Sm5/ Δmuc F was impaired by overproducing 1 - 3 , it exhibited the strongest inhibition of neighbors among all tested strains. S. sanguinis is one of the predominant species of the indigenous oral biota colonizing dental plaque, which is normally associated with healthy dental biofilm(32). The antagonistic relationship between S. sanguinis and S. mutans is well-characterized, and plays an important role in caries development(33, 34).…”