“I started that day and continued for 2 years”: A case report on adolescent ‘whoonga’ addiction

A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Consequences of Nyaope Usage: The Illicit Street Drug Containing HIV Antiretrovirals

“…All 19 studies were conducted in South Africa, with 13 taking place in Gauteng Province [ 13 , 29 – 32 , 35 , 36 , 39 – 44 ], two in Western Cape [ 6 , 43 ], two in KwaZulu-Natal [ 33 , 38 ], one in Mpumalanga [ 29 ], one in Northwest [ 29 ], and one in Eastern Cape [ 14 ]. One study did not specify the province within South Africa [ 37 ], whereas another study was conducted across the country [ 34 ]. An additional was study conducted in three provinces: Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and Northwest [ 29 ].…”

“…An additional was study conducted in three provinces: Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and Northwest [ 29 ]. There were a range of different methodologies among included studies: six studies had a qualitative design [ 14 , 29 – 33 ], five were cross-sectional studies [ 6 , 13 , 34 – 36 ], four were case reports [ 37 – 40 ], two were retrospective cohort studies [ 41 , 42 ], one was a prospective cohort study [ 43 ], and one study had a case–control design [ 44 ]. The most frequently noted limitations included low participant totals in studies, study eligibility being restricted to adult participants, and a heavy reliance on self-reporting.…”

“…The most frequently noted limitations included low participant totals in studies, study eligibility being restricted to adult participants, and a heavy reliance on self-reporting. “Nyaope” was a term used for the drug in all 19 studies, and nine studies also utilized the term “whoonga” [ 6 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 43 ]. Other terms also used were “wunga” [ 6 , 40 , 41 ], “pinch” [ 35 ], “unga” [ 35 ], “sugars” [ 37 ], and “kataza” [ 37 ].…”

“…“Nyaope” was a term used for the drug in all 19 studies, and nine studies also utilized the term “whoonga” [ 6 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 43 ]. Other terms also used were “wunga” [ 6 , 40 , 41 ], “pinch” [ 35 ], “unga” [ 35 ], “sugars” [ 37 ], and “kataza” [ 37 ]. The complete characteristics of the 19 included studies are listed in Table 1 .…”

“…In the majority of studies, nyaope users were most frequently between 18 and 29 years of age [ 13 , 29 – 31 , 33 – 36 , 39 – 41 , 44 ], though a number of studies also demonstrated that there are nyaope users in their 30s and 40s [ 13 , 29 – 31 , 34 , 35 , 43 , 44 ]. While those under 18 years were not eligible for inclusion in many of the included studies, some studies showed that nyaope usage is also occurring in adolescents as young as 13 years of age [ 6 , 14 , 37 ].…”