<i>Sphagnum</i> bleaching: Bicarbonate ‘toxicity’ and tolerance for seven <i>Sphagnum</i> species

Koks, Adam H. W.; Fritz, Christian; Smolders, Alfons J. P.; Rehlmeyer, K; Elzenga, J. Theo M.; Krosse, Sebastian; Lamers, Leon P. M.; Dijk, Gijs van

doi:10.1111/plb.13423

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Ca 2+ concentrations can be detrimental to Sphagnum (Clymo, 1973;Vicherova et al, 2015), but this interaction occurs primarily in minerotrophic sites with high pH and is unlikely in acid bogs such as the SPRUCE site (Koks et al, 2019). Typical bog species and poor fen species were little affected by submersion in high Ca 2+ solutions (Koks et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shading contributes to Sphagnum decline in response to warming

Norby,

Baxter,

Živković

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Experimental warming of an ombrotrophic bog in northern Minnesota has caused a rapid decline in the productivity and areal cover of Sphagnum mosses, affecting whole‐ecosystem carbon balance and biogeochemistry. Direct effects of elevated temperature and the attendant drying are most likely the primary cause of the effects on Sphagnum, but there may also be responses to the increased shading from shrubs, which increased with increasing temperature. To evaluate the independent effects of reduction in light availability and deposition of shrub litter on Sphagnum productivity, small plots with shrubs removed were laid out adjacent to the warming experiment on hummocks and hollows in three blocks and with five levels of shading. Four plots were covered with neutral density shade cloth to simulate shading from shrubs of 30%–90% reduction in light; one plot was left open. Growth of Sphagnum angustifolium/fallax and S. divinum declined linearly with increasing shade in hollows, but there was no response to shade on hummocks, where higher irradiance in the open plots may have been inhibitory. Shading caused etiolation of Sphagnum—they were thin and spindly under the deepest shade. A dense mat of shrub litter, corresponding to the amount of shrub litter produced in response to warming, did not inhibit Sphagnum growth or cause increases in potentially toxic base cations. CO2 exchange and chlorophyll‐a fluorescence of S. angustifolium/fallax from the 30% and 90% shade cloth plots were measured in the laboratory. Light response curves indicate that maximal light saturated photosynthesis was 42% greater for S. angustifolium/fallax grown under 30% shade cloth relative to plants grown under 90% shade cloth. The response of Sphagnum growth in response to increasing shade is consistent with the hypothesis that increased shade resulting from shrub expansion in response to experimental warming contributed to reduced Sphagnum growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shading contributes to Sphagnum decline in response to warming

Norby,

Baxter,

Živković

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Alkaline flooding, which occurs rarely at this experimental site (Vroom et al 2020), is more likely to occur in natural conditions (Granath et al 2010;Vicherová et al 2017). This might have severe consequences for the slower-growing group, being less likely to 'out-grow' negative effects of flooding (Lamers et al 1999;Granath et al 2010;Harpenslager et al 2015;Koks et al 2022).…”

Section: Nutrient Availability and Nutrient Dynamics In Sphagnummentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Nevertheless, rewetting alone does not guarantee successful Sphagnum establishment and growth, as it also depends on available diaspores, water levels and nutrients: essential elements that sustain life and plant growth (Temmink et al 2017;Gaudig et al 2018;Brown et al 2022). Sphagnum thrives at water levels a few centimetres below the Sphagnum surface, with a low pH, bicarbonate (HCO 3 -) concentration and optimal nutrient stoichiometry (Gaudig et al 2020;Koks et al 2022). While naturally occurring in nutrient-poor environments, Sphagnum can still be negatively affected by an unbalanced supply of macronutrients, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), during their establishment and in the long term (Chapin et al 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…+ , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ ) in exchange for protons (Rice 2009). Ombrotrophic Sphagnum species are better adapted to low-alkaline and cation-poor conditions compared to minerotrophic (groundwater-fed) species (Koks et al 2022). Therefore, they are more likely to take up cations from ionrich irrigation water until they reach saturation due to a higher risk of nutrient shortage (Spearing 1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2020; Koks et al . 2022). While naturally occurring in nutrient‐poor environments, Sphagnum can still be negatively affected by an unbalanced supply of macronutrients, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), during their establishment and in the long term (Chapin et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrient dynamics of 12 Sphagnum species during establishment on a rewetted bog

Käärmelahti¹,

Temmink

Dijk

et al. 2023

Plant Biol J

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Peatland degradation through drainage and peat extraction have detrimental environmental and societal consequences. Rewetting is an option to restore lost ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage, biodiversity and nutrient sequestration. Peat mosses (Sphagnum) are the most important peat‐forming species in bogs. Most Sphagnum species occur in nutrient‐poor habitats; however, high growth rates have been reported in artificial nutrient‐rich conditions with optimal water supply. Here, we demonstrate the differences in nutrient dynamics of 12 Sphagnum species during their establishment in a 1‐year field experiment at a Sphagnum paludiculture area in Germany. The 12 species are categorized into three groups (slower‐, medium‐ and fast‐growing). Establishment of peat mosses is facilitated by constant supply of nutrient‐rich, low pH, and low alkalinity surface water. Our study shows that slower‐growing species (S. papillosum, S. magellancium, S. fuscum, S. rubellum, S. austinii; often forming hummocks) displayed signs of nutrient imbalance. These species accumulated higher amounts of N, P, K and Ca in their capitula, and had an elevated stem N:K quotient (>3). Additionally, this group sequestered less C and K per m2 than the fast and medium‐growing species (S. denticulatum, S. fallax, S. riparium, S. fimbriatum, S. squarrosum, S. palustre, S. centrale). Lower lawn thickness may have amplified negative effects of flooding in the slower‐growing species. We conclude that nutrient dynamics and carbon/nutrient sequestration rates are species‐specific. For bog restoration, generating ecosystem services or choosing suitable donor material for Sphagnum paludiculture, it is crucial to consider their compatibility with prevailing environmental conditions.

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Intra‐ and interspecific variation in spectral properties of dominant Sphagnum moss species in boreal peatlands

Salko

Juola

Burdun

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Boreal peatlands store ~25 % of global soil organic carbon and host many endangered species; however, they face degradation due to climate change and anthropogenic drainage. In boreal peatlands, vegetation indicates ecohydrological conditions of the ecosystem. Applying remote sensing would enable spatially and temporally continuous monitoring of peatland vegetation. New multi-and hyperspectral satellite data offer promising approaches for understanding the spectral properties of peatland vegetation at high temporal and spectral resolutions. However, using spectral satellite data to their fullest potential requires detailed spectral analyses of dominant species in peatlands. A dominant feature of peatland vegetation is the genus Sphagnum mosses. We investigated how the reflectance spectra of common boreal Sphagnum mosses, collected from waterlogged natural conditions after snowmelt, change when the mosses are desiccated. We conducted a laboratory experiment where the reflectance spectra (350-2500 nm) and the mass of 90 moss samples (representing nine species) were measured repetitively. Furthermore, we examined (i) their inter-and intraspecific spectral differences and (ii) whether the species or their respective habitats could be identified based on their spectral signatures in varying states of drying.Our findings show that the most informative spectral regions to retrieve information about the Sphagnum species and their state of desiccation are in the shortwave infrared region. Furthermore, the visible and near-infrared spectral regions contain less information on species and moisture content. Our results also indicate that hyperspectral data can, to a limited extent, be used to separate mosses belonging to meso-and ombrotrophic habitats. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of including data especially from the shortwave infrared region (1100-2500 nm) in remote sensing applications of boreal peatlands. The spectral library of Sphagnum mosses collected in this study is available as open data and can be used to develop new methods for remote monitoring of boreal peatlands.

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Sphagnum bleaching: Bicarbonate ‘toxicity’ and tolerance for seven Sphagnum species

Cited by 6 publications

References 44 publications

Shading contributes to Sphagnum decline in response to warming

Shading contributes to Sphagnum decline in response to warming

Nutrient dynamics of 12 Sphagnum species during establishment on a rewetted bog

Intra‐ and interspecific variation in spectral properties of dominant Sphagnum moss species in boreal peatlands

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