<i>SHE SAY, SHE GO, SHE BE LIKE</i>: VERBS OF QUOTATION OVER TIME IN AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH

Cukor‐Avila, Patricia

doi:10.1215/00031283-77-1-3

Cited by 127 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In general, the considerable logistical problems and consequent expense involved in such research have precluded large-scale panel followups; several researchers, however, have carried out such studies, usually with rather smaller samples (e.g. Baugh 1995, Cukor-Avila 2002, Hernandez-Campoy 2003, Nahkola & Saanilahti 2004. Some studies have included both trend and panel components (Paunonen 1996, Naro & Scherre 2002, de Paiva & Duarte 2003, Zilles 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French

Sankoff¹,

Blondeau²

2007

lan

362

203

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We address the articulation between language change in the historical sense and language change as experienced by individual speakers through a trend and panel study of the change from apical to dorsal /r/ in Montreal French. The community as a whole rapidly advanced its use of dorsal [R]. Most individual speakers followed across time were stable after the critical period, with phonological patterns set by the end of adolescence. A sizeable minority, however, made substantial changes. The window of opportunity for linguistic modification in later life may be expanded with rapid change in progress when linguistic variables take on social significance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French

Sankoff¹,

Blondeau²

2007

lan

362

203

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“…According to D'Arcy (2007: 393, italics in original), "be like is an innovation, representing ongoing change." Current research on the origins of quotative be like has suggested that it developed (or grammaticalized) from "focuser like," as in We watched this John Wayne movie that was like really bad (Underhill 1988, Meehan 1991, Romaine and Lange 1991, Ferrara and Bell 1995, Eriksson 1995, Buchstaller 2001, Cukor-Avila 2002 3, also see Buchstaller 2004 for a derivation of Quotative like from Focuser like). However, we argue that quotative like is not used in this focuser role in either AAA speech of the US or Akan (Asante Twi) and that such comparatively recent usage is typical of non-standard colloquial white American varieties of English (perhaps due to a re-analysis or misinterpretation of the way quotative like was originally used in AAA).…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Butters 1980, Buchstaller 2001, Cukor-Avila 2002, Fox and Robles 2010, Peterson 2015. According to D'Arcy, As a quotative, like occurs with the dummy form be to support inflection and to satisfy the requirement that the clause have a lexical verb (see Romaine and Lange 1991, 261-62 Thus, non-inflected be in AAA usage is necessary for a habitual reading more so than as an obligatory collocation with like.…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-African Linguists Be Like, “This Is a New Way to Quote!”

Kambon

Duah

2017

Ghana J. Ling.

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The objectives of this paper are to show that quotative like, while relatively new to colloquial varieties of (white) English, is attested in varieties of African speech of the continent (represented by Akan (Asante Twi)) and the diaspora (represented by Anti-American African (AAA)) 2 decades, if not over a century prior. Secondly, we show that there are similar bases for grammaticalization for Akan (Asante Twi) sɛ and AAA like whereby they have gone from showing resemblance/approximation to serving as quotatives. Thus, we provide examples from AAA and Akan (Asante Twi) to demonstrate correlations between the two quotatives using primary text research and analyses based on a variety of sources placing the putative origin of quotative like into the collective African context. In doing so, we find that both AAA quotative like and Akan (Asante Twi) sɛ are attested prior to what seems to be the relatively recent adoption of AAA's preexisting quotative into colloquial white American English, which is only first attested in the 1980s. We also find that quotative like and sɛ follow 1 We would like to thank the organizers and participants of the 8

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“…Quotative complementizers, also called verbs of quotation (shown in examples 1-3), have been studied extensively in many varieties of English, including African American (Cukor-Avila, 2002) and Latino Englishes (Kohn & Franz, 2009), as well as dialects spoken in Australia (Winter, 2002), Canada (Tagliamonte & D'Arcy, 2004), (D'Arcy, 2004), (Levey, 2003), England (Tagliamonte & Hudson, 1999), Scotland (Macaulay, 2001), and the United States (Rickford, Wasow, Zwicky, & Buchstaller, 2007); (Buchstaller & D'Arcy, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phonetic Shifting Across Narrative and Quoted Speech Styles

Decker¹

2014

Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics

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Qualitative descriptions of speech accompanying verbs of quotation (e.g. "She was like, 'I'm not going in there!'") characterize quoted speech as a mimetic performance (Buchstaller 2003, Winter 2002 with "selective depictions" of the quotees words (Clark and Gerrig 1990, 1). The current study aims to quantify the performative and mimetic nature of quoted speech by comparing acoustic measurements of 539 vowel productions obtained through narratives of personal experience (Labov and Waletzky 1967) as told between friends. First and second formant frequencies were measured at the temporal midpoint of each vowel using PRAAT5.3 (Boersma and Weenink 2012), and compared using MANOVA tests in R. The dependent variables were F0, F1, F2, and duration while condition (quoted or non-quoted) served as the independent variable. Results indicate that mainly female speakers showed phonetically shifted vowel quality features when moving from narrative style speech to quoting voices for characters in their stories.Published by the Acoustical Society of America

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SHE SAY, SHE GO, SHE BE LIKE: VERBS OF QUOTATION OVER TIME IN AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH

Cited by 127 publications

References 36 publications

Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French

Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French

Non-African Linguists Be Like, “This Is a New Way to Quote!”

Phonetic Shifting Across Narrative and Quoted Speech Styles

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