<i>Scagliola</i> Interiors in Vienna 1800–1900: Material, Development and Conservation

Fuchs, Katharina; Krist, Gabriela

doi:10.1080/00393630.2020.1761178

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Imitation marble is made of stone powder and stone sand after the crushing of natural calcium carbonate rock (hereinafter referred to as the base material), through the use of unsaturated polyester resin transfer molding and vacuum vibration compression technology to obtain high hardness, high temperature resistance, high corrosion resistance, and other advantages, and is widely used in the construction and decorative products industry [1,2]. In addition to retaining the natural color of the rough stone, imitation marble can also be added with pigments of different colors to enrich the diversity of its color during the production process and form a variety of pattern textures to obtain a more competitive appearance and beauty than natural stone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Analysis of Calcium Carbonate Particle Trajectory Simulation in a Dual Horizontal Shaft Mixer

Song,

Huang,

Pan

2023

Materials

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This article aims to investigate the feasibility of using discrete element software EDEM 2022.0 to simulate the trajectory of artificial marble patterns in a dual horizontal shaft mixer. Research was conducted on the mixing uniformity of particles in the mixing chamber, and the optimal speed range for particle mixing was established. By simulating the trajectory of pigment particles, the trajectories of the particles at different positions of the stirring paddle were obtained, and the trajectories were compared with the measured results. In the study of uniform particle mixing, the Lacey index at different speeds was compared, and the optimal speed range was established between 40 RPM and 60 RPM. Based on this, the particle trajectory simulation found that the motion trajectories of particles at different positions of the stirring paddle varied significantly. The particles in the stirring paddle rod exhibit a gradual trend, in which they gradually decrease as they approach the head of the stirring paddle. Finally, the feasibility of this method was established by comparing the simulated and actual patterns through proportional replication of the mixing process, and it was discovered that the two were similar.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Analysis of Calcium Carbonate Particle Trajectory Simulation in a Dual Horizontal Shaft Mixer

Song,

Huang,

Pan

2023

Materials

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“…mostly dense limestone types) in Austria and Southern Germany at the end of the 17th century, because stones were expensive and some of the types available regionally had limited colour ranges and patterns 4,5 . In the following centuries and especially during the style of historicism of the 19th century, scagliola became very popular throughout Europe 6 . Although stucco marble has enhanced the appearance of many interiors since the Baroque era, and its importance in arts is out of question, the number of scientific studies dealing with this material is rather limited 1,7,8 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 In the following centuries and especially during the style of historicism of the 19th century, scagliola became very popular throughout Europe. 6 Although stucco marble has enhanced the appearance of many interiors since the Baroque era, and its importance in arts is out of question, the number of scientific studies dealing with this material is rather limited. 1,7,8 Imaging techniques are the ideal means of studying scagliola, since they best describe the raw materials used, structure, production technology and general state of preservation of this gypsum-based artificial stone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material characteristics of historic scagliola interiors in Vienna: A view through the microscope

Fuchs

Pintér

2022

Journal of Microscopy

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Composition and microstructure of four Viennese scagliola samples, originating from the early 18th to early 20th centuries, were analysed by different methods of microscopy. Results indicate a similar composition in all samples; only minor differences could be observed in the porosity and grain‐size‐distribution. While, the calcium sulphate raw material was fired at low temperatures (<200°C), the presumable presence of anhydrite II in two samples may indicate hot spots (200–300°C) during the calcination. To achieve ‘marble‐like’ patterns mineral pigments were used to dye the ground mass. The first results show that scagliola surfaces of this study were produced by using the same or very similar technology between the 18th and early 20th centuries. The present study focuses on scagliola interiors in Vienna, Austria from different stylistic periods between the early 18th and early 20th centuries. Scagliola, also called stucco marble, imitates natural stone. It is produced by a mixture of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), different pigments, animal glue and water. In the history of interior design, the material played an important role in the 18th and 19th centuries in Central Europe. The aim of the research was a detailed investigation of four selected samples in order to identify the raw materials and manufacturing technology of the stucco marbles used over time in Vienna. As a first step thin sections (i.e. polished, transparent samples with a thickness of 0.03 mm) were prepared from the samples and analysed by different microscopic techniques. All samples showed similarities in their bulk properties, but detailed investigations revealed also some differences in their mineralogical composition. The gypsum binders contained typical air voids and so‐called secondary pores which were formed by dissolving larger binder‐related particles during the preparation of the mixture. The macroporosity (i.e. the amount of the pores in the samples which are larger than 0.01 mm) measured on microscopic images varied in a narrow range between 14.1% and 19.3%. The raw materials of all samples were fired at relatively low temperatures (i.e. below 200°C), but in two samples we could also determine a few anhydrite (CaSO4) crystals that normally form at higher temperatures in the kiln. This indicates that the distribution of temperature in the kiln was heterogeneous during the firing process. The amount and appearance of some minor mineral constituents such as dolomite (CaMg[CO3]2) and celestine (SrSO4) suggest that they were naturally occurred in the raw material and not deliberately added to the binder as a filling material. To achieve different colour hues and imitate natural stone surfaces, fine‐grained mineral pigments and charcoal powder were used. Although we have no distinct information about the gypsum sources of these stucco marbles, several small historical gypsum quarries existed southwest of Vienna. Some of them were already in operation in the 16th century, thus a local gypsum occurrence used as a raw material is very probab...

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