<i>Salmonella</i> Brandenburg - emergence of a new strain affecting stock and humans in the South Island of New Zealand

Clark, R.G.; Fenwick, Stan; Nicol, Carolyn; Marchant, R.M.; Swanney, S.; Gill, JM; Holmes, J. D.; Leyland, M. J.; Davies, Peter

doi:10.1080/00480169.2004.36387

Cited by 44 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…S. Brandenburg has also been isolated from humans and other animals, including horses, cattle, goats, deer, pigs and dogs. In New Zealand, human cases occurred through contact with infected animals and not through consumption of animal products (Clark et al, 2004). Therefore, rapid detection of S. Brandenburg would aid in controlling the spread of this pathogen to both animals and humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg

Perera

Murray

2008

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Currently, Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg is identified serologically on the basis of two surface antigens, somatic (O) polysaccharide and flagellar (H) proteins. This procedure is time-consuming and requires expensive typing reagents. To overcome these problems, a PCR method was developed and validated for the identification of S. Brandenburg. Portions of the invA, rfbJ(B), fliC and fljB genes were targeted for amplification using four pairs of oligonucleotide primers. To validate the assay, genomic DNA from an array of 72 Salmonella strains representing 28 serotypes and 5 non-Salmonella strains from 4 different genera was subjected to PCR. The four targeted genes were correctly amplified only from S. Brandenburg. These results indicate that this PCR assay is a simple, rapid, reliable and reproducible method for the identification of S. Brandenburg that will aid in surveillance, prevention and control of this pathogen. INTRODUCTIONSince 1996, Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg has been a major cause of ovine abortions and mortality, leading to significant economic impact to farmers in New Zealand (Clark, 2000;Clark et al., 2004;Roe, 1999;Smart, 2000). Sheep that have recovered from clinical disease may become carriers and excrete organisms in faeces. S. Brandenburg has also been isolated from humans and other animals, including horses, cattle, goats, deer, pigs and dogs. In New Zealand, human cases occurred through contact with infected animals and not through consumption of animal products (Clark et al., 2004). Therefore, rapid detection of S. Brandenburg would aid in controlling the spread of this pathogen to both animals and humans.The number of Salmonella serotypes reported by 2002 was 2541 (CDC, 2007). The somatic O-antigen, together with phase-1 (H1) and phase-2 (H2) flagellar antigens, forms the basis for Salmonella serotyping. Each Salmonella serotype has a unique combination of O, H1 and H2 antigens. Laboratory methods for the identification of S. Brandenburg include serotyping, which is performed by the identification of O, H1 and H2 antigens according to the Kauffmann-White scheme (Popoff & Le Minor, 2001). This procedure is time-consuming, laborious and costly. Rapid and inexpensive PCR assays for the detection of Salmonella at the genus level have been developed (Rahn et al., 1992), but the number of assays to determine the Salmonella serotype is limited and includes those to detect serotypes Enteriditis (Lampel et al., 1996), Gallinarum (Shah et al., 2005), Typhi (Farrell et al., 2005;Kumar et al., 2006) and Typhimurium (Leon-Velarde et al., 2004). To date, there is no serotype-specific PCR assay for the detection of S. Brandenburg.Somatic O-antigens are polymers of the O-subunit, and the rfb gene clusters are responsible for much of its variation. Variability of O-antigens among serogroups is due to differences in the type and arrangement of sugars in the Osubunit (Fitzgerald et al., 2003; Gillespie et al., 2003). The filament of flagella is a polymer of flagellin monomers that are ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1996, Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg has been a major cause of ovine abortions and mortality, leading to significant economic impact to farmers in New Zealand (Clark, 2000;Clark et al, 2004;Roe, 1999;Smart, 2000). Sheep that have recovered from clinical disease may become carriers and excrete organisms in faeces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg

Perera

Murray

2008

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…[34][35][36] For example, epidemics of salmonellosis in wild bird populations, which could be enhanced by temperaturedependent transmission, have also been identified as a source of human disease in the South Island of NZ. 37,38 Similarly, it is plausible that these more 'distal' temperature effects could operate in food growing areas (for example through contamination of grain, fruit, vegetables and others foods) that are removed in time and place from where these contaminated foods are subsequently consumed. Findings from these studies suggest the need for more sophisticated investigation to identify and control these more distant sources of salmonellosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variation in the association between temperature and salmonellosis in NZ

Lal

Hales

Kirk

et al. 2016

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: Modelling the relationship between weather, climate and infectious diseases can help identify high‐risk periods and provide understanding of the determinants of longer‐term trends. We provide a detailed examination of the non‐linear and delayed association between temperature and salmonellosis in three New Zealand cities (Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch). Methods: Salmonella notifications were geocoded to the city of residence for the reported case. City‐specific associations between weekly maximum temperature and the onset date for reported salmonella infections (1997–2007) were modelled using non‐linear distributed lag models, while controlling for season and long‐term trends. Results: Relatively high temperatures were positively associated with infection risk in Auckland (n=3,073) and Christchurch (n=880), although the former showed evidence of a more immediate relationship with exposure to high temperatures. There was no significant association between temperature and salmonellosis risk in Wellington. Conclusions: Projected increases in temperature with climate change may have localised health impacts, suggesting that preventative measures will need to be region‐specific. This evidence contributes to the increasing concern over the public health impacts of climate change.

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“…The histopathological findings were consistent with an acute septicaemia in both cases. In 2004, Clark et al (2004) reported the emergence of a new strain of Salmonella Brandenburg affecting livestock, including deer, and humans in New Zealand. Salmonella Saint Paul was isolated from 16 out of 30 samples from a consignment of farmed venison sampled in one New Zealand game packing house but no Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Epidemiological Linkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game

2013

EFSA Journal

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Salmonella spp. in farmed wild boar and Toxoplasma gondii in farmed deer and farmed wild boar were ranked as a high priority for meat inspection. Trichinella spp. in wild boar was ranked as low priority due to current controls, which should be continued. For chemical hazards, all substances were ranked as medium or lower potential concern. More effective control of biological hazards could be achieved using an integrated farm to chilled carcass approach, including improved food chain information (FCI) and risk-based controls. Further studies are required on Salmonella spp. in farmed wild boar and T. gondii in farmed wild boar and farmed deer. If new information confirms a high risk to public health from meat from these species, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Palpation and incision should be omitted, as it will not detect biological hazards considered to be a high priority for meat inspection while increasing the potential spread and crosscontamination of the carcasses with Salmonella. Palpation and/or incision may be applied where abnormalities have been detected but away from the slaughter line. However the elimination of routine palpation and incision would be detrimental for detecting tuberculosis. As farmed deer and farmed wild boar can act as tuberculosis reservoirs, any reduction in the detection, due to changes in the post-mortem inspection procedures, will have SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from several animal species, with the contribution of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Briefly, the main risks to public health that should be addressed by meat inspection were identified and ranked; the strengths and weaknesses of the current methods of meat inspection were evaluated; and recommendations were made for inspection methods fit for the purpose of meeting the overall objectives of meat inspection for hazards not covered by the current meat inspection system, and for adaptations of inspection methods and/or frequencies of inspections that provide an equivalent level of protection. In addition, the implications for animal health and animal welfare of any changes proposed to current inspection methods were assessed. This opinion covers the inspection of meat from farmed game, specifically farmed deer, reindeer, ostrich, wild boar and rabbit.To fulfil this mandate, the first stage in this assessment focused on identifying the biological hazards that occur in farmed game in Europe. The relevance of each biological hazard was evaluated based on two criteria: (1) any evidence that the biological hazard is transmissible to humans through the handling, preparation and/or consumption of farmed game meat; and (2) evidence that the biological hazard is present in the farmed game population in the European Union (EU). Biological hazards t...

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Salmonella Brandenburg - emergence of a new strain affecting stock and humans in the South Island of New Zealand

Abstract: Important features of this disease are its high morbidity and mortality within a flock or herd, rapid local spread and its role as an occupational, health and safety risk to farm workers and their families.

Cited by 44 publications

References 20 publications

Development of a PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg

Development of a PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg

Spatial and temporal variation in the association between temperature and salmonellosis in NZ

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game

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