Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance

Abstract

Salmonella is one of the most frequently isolated foodborne pathogens. It is a major worldwide public health concern, accounting for 93.8 million foodborne illnesses and 155,000 deaths per year. To date, over 2500 Salmonella serotypes have been identified and more than half of them belong to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, which accounts for the majority of Salmonella infections in humans. Salmonella infections that involve invasive serotypes are often life threatening, necessitating appropriate and effective antibiotic therapy. The emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella serotypes is having a great impact on the efficacy of antibiotic treatment, and an increasing prevalence of MDR strains may lead to an increase in mortality rates of Salmonella infections. Epidemiological studies indicate that MDR Salmonella serotypes are more virulent than susceptible strains, as reflected by increased severity and more prolonged disease in patients infected by MDR strains. Preventive measures have been proposed to eliminate the spread of Salmonella infection. While the maintenance of effective food hygiene and water sanitation remain the cornerstones, additional measures such as restriction of indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food animals are important. This review provides an overview of Salmonella infection, and discusses the nomenclature, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella.

Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from different sources in Burkina Faso

“…The presence of S. Typhi in poultry carcasses shows that there is a cross-contamination during carcasses handling since humans are the only reservoir of typhoid Salmonella. This is also due to the fact that humans can be a chronic carrier of these Salmonella (Eng et al, 2015).…”

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF Salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi FROM BLOOD ISOLATES IN CHILDREN FROM A NORTH DELHI TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

“…Emergence of antimicrobial resistance was reported for Salmonella isolates from 1960 onwards including multi drug resistance [5]. Multi drug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella is defined as resistance for first line drugs i.e., ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole [1]. This further worsens the situation making treatment difficult and complicating the management of enteric fever [1].…”

“…Multi drug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella is defined as resistance for first line drugs i.e., ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole [1]. This further worsens the situation making treatment difficult and complicating the management of enteric fever [1]. MDR in Salmonella strains is mainly due to plasmid mediated resistance whereas fluoroquinolone resistance is a result of chromosomal mutation of DNA Gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV gene.…”

“…In India also, enteric fever is endemic in many places due to lack of proper sanitation and hygiene for many socioeconomic reasons. Annual incidence of enteric fever has been reported as more than 100 per lakh population for South East Asia and as high as 10 per 1000 person in Delhi, India [1]. Enteric fever is mainly caused by typhoidal Salmonella including Salmonella entrica serovars typhi and paratyphi A [2].…”

“…MDR in Salmonella strains is mainly due to plasmid mediated resistance whereas fluoroquinolone resistance is a result of chromosomal mutation of DNA Gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV gene. Gene mutations encoding for extended spectrum beta lactamases confers resistance towards broad spectrum cephalosporins [1,3,8]. MDR Salmonella strains are more virulent in terms of morbidity and mortality, a troublesome fact concerning clinical management and prevention of these infections [1].…”