Rhamnella gilgitica Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-Induced Murine Macrophages and Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rats

Abstract

Rhamnella gilgitica Mansf. et Melch, which belongs to the rhamnus family (Rhamnaceae), is traditionally used to treat rheumatism, swelling and pain in China. However, little is known about the pharmacological activities of this plant. The anti-inflammatory activities of the 70% ethanol extract of R. gilgitica (RG) in RAW264.7 macrophages and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritic rats are investigated in this study for the first time. The effects of RG on cell viability were determined by a MTT assay, and the effects of RG on pro-inflammatory mediators were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot. The effects of RG on paw thickness, thymus and spleen index were also examined in CFA-induced arthritic rats. RG suppressed the induction of proinflammatory mediators, including iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), NO (nitric oxide), COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and PG (prostaglandin) E2 in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. RG also inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of I[Formula: see text]B-[Formula: see text], as well as the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-[Formula: see text]B) p65. In addition, RG treatment significantly reduced the paw thickness in CFA-induced arthritic rats. Oral administration of RG led to a significant decrease of both the thymus and spleen index at a concentration of 100[Formula: see text]mg/mL. Taken together, these findings suggest that RG might be an agent for further development in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases.

Rhamnella gilgitica functionalized green synthesis of ZnONPs and their multiple therapeutic properties

“…The XRD pattern of ZnONPs@Rhamnella is shown in For example, the peaks at a range of 522.37 cm À1 corresponds to Zn O vibrations in stretching mode; a band at 1039.83 cm À1 related to C O symmetric stretching); the peak at 1395.87 and 1557.47 cm À1 correspond to Alkene (C=C) and alkane (C H); peak at 1848.71 and 2618.17 cm À1 relate to C=O and C H 'Stretching vibrations; and peak at 3314.34 cm À1 could be ascribed to Alcohols and phenols of OH stretching. These peaks indicate availability of various biomolecules (chrysophanols, quercetin, naringenin, mixed fatty acids, kaempferol, gallic-acids, and 8-sterols) which have been identified in previous literature (Huang et al, 2016;Pan et al, 1997;Pan et al, 1998). According to earlier research work, IR bands appeared between 470 and 800 cm À1 indicates Zn O vibration in stretching mode (Abbasi, Iqbal, Mahmood, Ahmad, et al, 2019;Mahendra et al, 2017;Qiao et al, 2009).…”

“…R. gilgitica revealed promising antioxidant and anti‐inflammations properties. In TCM system, the plant is utilized to treat swelling, pain and rheumatism and so on (Abbasi, Iqbal, Khan, et al, 2021; Abbasi, Iqbal, & Mahmood, 2021; Huang et al, 2016; Pan et al, 1997; Pan et al, 1998). In present study, we attempted for the first time to develop a modified, simple and environment‐friendly method using leaf extract of R .…”

Anti-hyperalgesic properties of ethanolic crude extract from the peels of Citrus reticulata (Rutaceae)

“…Another possible mechanism of action for ECE-CR on mechanical hyperalgesia observed in the CFA model, is that it's possibly affecting T cell-derived mediators, such as cytokines, as these are also activated by mycobacteria, that leads to an increased immune response (Huang et al 2016). According to this, hesperidin, another Citrus flavanone compound has been the subject of various studies in the CFAinduced model, it's efficacy was specified by Sakr (2017), who characterized reduction in the infiltration of inflammatory cells by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines production (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) secreted by macrophages, suppression of T lymphocyte proliferation, as well as increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10).…”

Anti-inflammatory potential of Petiveria alliacea on activated RAW264.7 murine macrophages

“…RAW 264.7 macrophages were seeded in 96-well plates at density of 1 × 10 4 cells/well and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to measure the cell viability. [ 13 ] Briefly, the cells were washed with PBS and incubated (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with PE to concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml at 37°C and 5% CO 2. Then, 10 μl of MTT (5 mg/ml) was added to phosphate buffer followed by further incubation for 4 h at 37°C.…”