<i>Retracted</i>: Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems

Wierda, Michael R.; Leith, Katherine F.; Grubb, Teryl G.; Sikarskie, James G.; Best, David Albert

doi:10.1002/etc.2859

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Previous research reported nondetects thresholds of 5 µg/kg for DDE and 10 µg/kg for total PCBs. However, the nondetects thresholds for the present study were approximately 2 µg/kg for both DDE and PCBs . The improvement in detection ability and thus lower nondetects levels for T2 and T3 were the result of the establishment of a new lab with better equipment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The present study targeted 20 congeners of PCBs, DDT and its metabolites, and 10 other organochlorine pesticides. However, the 10 organochlorine pesticides are not reported here because they failed to be detected in 50% or more of the samples . Because of its pervasiveness and demonstrated ecological effects, the DDT metabolite p,p'‐dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDE) is reported in the present study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Because of its pervasiveness and demonstrated ecological effects, the DDT metabolite p,p'‐dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDE) is reported in the present study. It should also be noted that 94% of the total DDT in eaglet plasma samples (1999–2008) was DDE . For PCBs, all congeners were examined as the sum of all PCBs found (i.e., total PCB).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 1960s, when Michigan's eagle population was first being monitored, less than 100 nests were occupied (i.e., 100 active breeding pairs existed) . In 2009 there were approximately 500 occupied nests each year and over 700 known breeding areas in the state .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems

Wierda

Leith

Roe

et al. 2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is an extensively researched tertiary predator. Studies have delineated information about its life history and the influences of various stressors on its reproduction. Due to the bald eagle's position at the top of the food web, it is susceptible to biomagnification of xenobiotics. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality implemented a program in 1999 to monitor persistent chemicals including polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate spatial and temporal trends of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in nestling bald eagles of Michigan. The authors' study found that concentrations of PCBs and DDE were higher in Great Lakes areas with Lakes Michigan and Lake Huron having the highest concentrations of DDE and Lake Erie having the highest concentrations of PCBs. Temporally (1987-1992, 1999-2003, and 2004-2008) the present study found declines in PCB and DDE concentrations with a few exceptions. Continued monitoring of Michigan bald eagle populations is suggested for a couple of reasons. First, nestling blood contaminant levels are an appropriate method to monitor ecosystem contaminant levels. Second, from 1999 to 2008 PCB and DDE concentrations for 30% and 40%, respectively, of the nestling eagles sampled were above the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for bald eagles. Lastly, with the continued development and deployment of new chemistries a continuous long term monitoring program is an invaluable resource. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1995-2002. © 2016 SETAC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems

Wierda

Leith

Roe

et al. 2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Patterns and Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Bald Eagle Nestlings in Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA

Route

Dykstra²,

Strom

et al. 2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We measured concentrations of up to 17 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in plasma of 492 bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nestlings between 1995 and 2017 from 12 study areas in Wisconsin and Minnesota, USA. Geometric mean concentrations of the sum of 9 PBDE congeners (∑PBDE) measured across all years ranged from 2.88 to 10.8 µg/L, and nestlings in urban areas had higher concentrations than those in remote locations. Region-wide from 2006 through 2017, we found that ∑PBDEs declined by 3.8% annually and congeners BDE-47, -99, and -100 declined by 5.6 to 6.5%, whereas BDE-153 and -154 had no significant declines. When categorized by waterbody type, nestlings from Great Lakes and river study areas had higher concentrations of ∑PBDEs than those at inland lakes, but river study areas spanned the extremes. From 2006 to 2017, ∑PBDEs declined by 7.3% annually in Great Lakes nestlings and by 3.2% in nestlings along rivers, and increased by 32.7% at inland lakes. Using a longer dataset , we found that ∑PBDEs declined in Lake Superior nestlings by 3.3% annually. Our results show that PBDEs declined in bald eagle nestling plasma in most study areas since PBDE production was reduced, but that concentrations remain high near urban centers and that trends differ by congener, study area, and waterbody type.

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Examining Bald Eagle Contaminant Exposure and Reproductive Risk Above and Below Dams on Great Lakes Tributaries

Eakin,

Williams,

Moore

et al. 2024

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Removing lowermost dams can reestablish fish passage on Great Lakes tributaries. This can increase the transfer of contaminants from anadromous fish to piscivorous wildlife upstream; however, concentrations of bioaccumulative contaminants in Great Lakes fish have decreased over the last several decades. We analyzed concentrations of PCBs and the toxic equivalence (TEQs) calculated from PCBs, DDTs, other organochlorine pesticides, and PBDEs in the plasma of bald eagle nestlings above and below lowermost dams on five river systems in Michigan from 1999 to 2013. We examined relationships between contaminants and metrics of reproductive success from 1997 to 2018, including the effects of year and location relative to the lowermost dam. Σ20PCB and p,p’-DDE were important in characterizing differences in contaminant mixtures above and below dams. Concentrations of contaminants were generally greater below dams than above. There were generally greater nest success and more nestlings per nest below dams, but nest location explained little variability (R2 values = 0.03–0.15). Neither Σ20PCB nor p,p’-DDE was a significant predictor of 5-year productivity means by river reach despite concentrations exceeding previously established effects thresholds for healthy bald eagle populations in the Great Lakes (≥ 1 nestling/nest). Our study indicates that dams may continue to reduce the upstream movement of contaminants to bald eagles, but at the measured concentrations, contaminants did not impair productivity and reproductive success as indicated by nestlings per nest. Additional information about population dynamics could clarify population-level effects of contaminants on bald eagles and to what degree these populations are self-sustaining throughout the Great Lakes.

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Retracted: Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems

Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems

Patterns and Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Bald Eagle Nestlings in Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA

Examining Bald Eagle Contaminant Exposure and Reproductive Risk Above and Below Dams on Great Lakes Tributaries

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