Retracted: Platelet‐derived growth factor subunit B is required for tendon‐bone healing using bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells after rotator cuff repair in rats

Abstract

As a common cause of shoulder pain and disability, rotator cuff injury (RCI) represents a debilitating condition affecting an individual's quality of life. Although surgical repair has been shown to be somewhat effective, many patients may still suffer from reduced shoulder function. The aim of the current study was to identify a more effective mode of RCI treatment by investigating the effect of platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-B) on tendon-bone healing after RCI repair by modifying bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Surface markers of BMSCs were initially detected by means of flow cytometry, followed by establishment of the rat models and construction of the lentiviral vector. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay, alizarin red staining, and oil red O staining were used to provide verification that PDGF-B was indeed capable of promoting BMSC viability, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capability. Furthermore, biomechanical assessment results indicated that PDGF-B could increase the ultimate load and stiffness of the tendon tissue. Real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis methods provided evidence suggesting that PDGF-B facilitated the expression of tendon-bone healing-related genes and proteins, while contrasting results were obtained after PDGF-B silencing. Taken together, the key findings of the current study provided evidence suggesting that overexpressed PDGF-B could act to enhance tendon-bone healing after RCI repair, thus highlighting the potential of the functional promotion of PDGF-B as a future RCI therapeutic approach.

Extracellular vesicles from bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells regulate inflammation and enhance tendon healing

“…Animal experiments were performed according to the Rules and Regulations of the Animal Care and Use Committee at our University. BMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow as described previously [10]. Briefly, bone marrow was flushed from the bone marrow cavities, collected into centrifuge tubes, and mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll density gradient.…”

“…Recent findings show that adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) can modulate the inflammatory environment by regulating the activities of resident macrophages to enhance tendon healing [8, 9]. Indeed, one study showed that bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) can improve early tendon healing both histologically and biomechanically [10]. However, the implantation of BMSCs can also result in ectopic bone formation in the tendon or contribute to teratoma formation [11, 12].…”

Stem cell therapies in tendon-bone healing

“…It was shown to promote tendon-to-bone healing by up-regulating TGF-β expression in BMSCs after ACL reconstruction by adjusting the signal pathway TGF-β/MAPK. The effect of platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-B) on tendon-bone healing after rotator cuff injury repair by modifying BMSCs was then investigated by Wang et al [ 80 ]. BMSCs were transfected with recombinant lentiviral vector-encoded PDGF-B shRNA, overexpressed Pc-DNA PDGF-B, and irrelevant plasmid.…”

Fibrin Glue-Kartogenin Complex Promotes the Regeneration of the Tendon-Bone Interface in Rotator Cuff Injury

“…In recent years, researchers have used a variety of biological techniques to promote the regeneration of fibrocartilage, attempting to restore the tissue morphology and composition of the normal tendon graft-bone interface. There are currently four major treatment methods: mechanical stress stimulation [8], cell growth factor therapy [9,10], mesenchymal stem cell therapy [11], and biomaterial enhancement [12]. Although most of the results from these methods reported cartilage regeneration and improved tensile strength, the mechanical properties were not fully restored, and some methods have not been approved for clinical application.…”