Retracted: LncRNA ATB promotes proliferation and metastasis in A549 cells by down‐regulation of microRNA‐494

Abstract

Lung cancer is a commonly diagnosed disease with poor prognosis. Novel therapeutic targets and deep understanding of the regulatory mechanisms in lung cancer are of great importance. We aimed to figure out the functional roles of lncRNA-activated by transforming growth factor-β (ATB) in A549 cells as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. ATB was non-physiologically expressed in A549 cells after cell transfection. Then, cell proliferation, expressions of proteins related to proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion were measured by BrdU incorporation assay, Western blot analysis, and Transwell assay, respectively. Afterwards, miR-494 expression in transfected A549 cells was determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Meanwhile, effects of miR-494 overexpression on ATB-overexpressed cells were assessed. Finally, the phosphorylation levels of AKT and key kinases in the Janus-activated kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) pathway were detected by Western blot analysis. ATB overexpression promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells. Meanwhile, EMT of A549 cells was also enhanced. ATB silence showed the opposite influence. Expression of miR-494 was negatively regulated by ATB. Following experiments showed ATB-induced alterations of proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT were all reversed by miR-494 overexpression. Finally, we proved that ATB increased phosphorylated levels of AKT, JAK1, and STAT3, and those increases were all reversed by miR-494 overexpression. We interestingly figured out that ATB promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT through down-regulating miR-494 in A549 cells. Moreover, ATB might activate AKT and the JAK/STAT3 pathway via down-regulating miR-494.

Retracted: lncRNA‐ATB promotes viability, migration, and angiogenesis in human microvascular endothelial cells by sponging microRNA‐195

“…The effects of lncRNA‐ATB on viability and migration of HMEC‐1 cells were consistent with that on other cell lines reported previously. For examples, A549 cell proliferation and metastasis are promoted by lncRNA‐ATB . Likewise, there is a close correlation between high expression of lncRNA‐ATB and elevated migration and invasion in renal cell carcinoma cells …”

lncRNA-ATB functions as a competing endogenous RNA to promote YAP1 by sponging miR-590-5p in malignant melanoma

“…It is possible that lncRNA-ATB is an example of this type of non-coding RNA. However, according to previous studies ( 25 , 31 ), it was noted that lncRNA-ATB serves an oncogenic role in the majority of types of cancers. In line with these previous studies, the present study identified that lncRNA-ATB was significantly upregulated in MM cell lines compared with normal human epidermal melanocyte cell lines.…”

“…In line with these previous studies, the present study identified that lncRNA-ATB was significantly upregulated in MM cell lines compared with normal human epidermal melanocyte cell lines. In non-small cell lung cancer, lncRNA-ATB promotes cellular apoptosis, and inhibits cell viability, cell migration and invasion ( 31 ). Furthermore, lncRNA-ATB was identified as a potential oncogene in osteosarcoma ( 32 ), glioma ( 33 ), prostate cancer ( 34 ) and colon cancer ( 35 ); the upregulation of lncRNA-ATB was able to promote carcinogenesis and progression in these cancer types.…”

lncRNA‑ATB promotes stemness maintenance in colorectal cancer by regulating transcriptional activity of the β‑catenin pathway

“…Recent studies demonstrated that ATB acts as a competing RNA by binding with microRNA (miR)-494 in lung cancer cells (28), miR-141-3p in gastric cancer cells (29), miR-590-5p in melanoma (30), and miR-200 family members in diverse types of cancer (18,26,31,32). ATB regulates transcriptional coactivator YAP1 (YAP1), NF-κB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Twist, and TGF-β in lung cancer, glioma, breast cancer and malignant melanoma (23,30,33,34).…”