<i>Regional Differences in Some of the Physical Properties of the Human Femur</i>

Evans, F. Gaynor; Lebow, Milton

doi:10.1152/jappl.1951.3.9.563

Cited by 196 publications

(84 citation statements)

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“…According to Currey ( 1970) the hardness of bone varies with the strength, modulus of elasticity and the plastic flow Hardness decreases with age in cancellous bone (Evans 1961, Weaver & Chalmers 1966. No great difference exists between the two sexes below the age of fifty (Weaver & Chalmers 1966) ; over the age of fifty hardness and mineral content are significantly lower in women (Weaver & Chalmers 1966, Rockoff et al 1969).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hardness of the Subchondral Bone of the Tibial Condyles in the Normal State and in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Lereim

Goldie

Dahlberg

1974

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hardness of the Subchondral Bone of the Tibial Condyles in the Normal State and in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Lereim

Goldie

Dahlberg

1974

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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“…A number of early studies demonstrated that dehydration decreases the strain at fracture and energy to fracture of cortical bone [6][7][8][9][10][11], and a recent study found that the contribution of water to bone toughness exists at multiple energy levels [12]. It has been shown that elevated drying of bone (70 °C) can cause significantly greater loss of bone toughness than moderate drying (room temperature), indicating that each of the hierarchical arrangements of water molecules bound to the collagen and mineral phases would likely influence the ability of bone to resist fracture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of mobile and bound water by nuclear magnetic resonance correlate with mechanical properties of bone

Nyman

Nicolella

et al. 2008

Bone

179

189

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Since clinical measures of bone mineral density do not necessarily predict whether a person will fracture a bone without an intervention, there is a need to find supplementary tools for assessing bone quality. Presently, we hypothesized that measures of mobile and bound water by a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique are correlated with bone strength and toughness, respectively. To test this, bending specimens from the mid-diaphysis of 18 human femurs were collected from 18 male donors and divided into middle aged and elderly groups. After NMR measurements of each hydrated specimen, an inversion technique was used to convert the free induction decay data into a distribution of spin-spin (T2) relaxation rates. Then, the distribution resolved into three distinct components that likely represent solid hydrogen, water bound to bone tissue, and mobile water that occupy microscopic pores within the bone specimen. The integrated signal intensities of the bound and mobile components were normalized by the wet mass of the specimen. Following NMR measurements, three point bending tests were conducted to determine the modulus of elasticity, flexure strength, and work to fracture of each specimen. Next, the porosity, mineral-to-collagen ratio, and pentosidine concentration were measured. In this sample of human cortical bone, there was no age-related difference in the amount of mobile water, but the decrease in the amount of bound water with increasing age was statistically significant. Moreover, bound water was associated with both strength and work to fracture of bone, while mobile water was correlated with modulus of elasticity and appeared to quantify the level of microscopic pores within bone. On the other hand, bound water was correlated with the concentration of non-enzymatic collagen crosslinks. The results of this study indicate that quantifying mobile and bound water with magnetic resonance techniques could potentially serve as indicators of bone quality.

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“…Burstein et al [40] also showed that femoral tissue undergoes degradation in all mechanical properties with age, while tibial tissue only shows an increase in ultimate strain. The mechanical properties of bone differ not only throughout the body, but also within any specific bone [47,48]. Studies of the mechanical properties show that the properties of the subchondral bone of the femoral head [49] (the metaphyseal section), which is located between the diaphysis and the epiphysis in the proximal femur, are different from the properties of the diaphysis [50].…”

Section: Comparison Of Mechanical Response Of Tibia and Femurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orientation Dependent Compressive Response of Human Femoral Cortical Bone as a Function of Strain Rate

Weerasooriya

Sanborn

Gunnarsson

et al. 2016

J. dynamic behavior mater.

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Under extreme environments, such as a blast or impact event, the human body is subjected to high-rate loading, which can result in damage such as torn tissues and broken bones. The ability to numerically simulate these events would help improve the design of protective gear by iterating different configurations of protective equipment to reduce injuries. Computer codes capable of simulating these events require accurate rate-dependent material models representing the material deformation and failure (or injury) to properly predict the response of human body during simulation. Therefore, the high-rate material response must be measured to allow for simulation of high-rate events. This study seeks to quantify the highrate mechanical response of human femoral cortical bone for use in high fidelity human anatomical models. Cortical bone compression specimens were extracted from the longitudinal and transverse directions relative to the long axis of the femur from three male donors, ages 36, 43, and 50. The compressive behavior of the cortical bone was studied at quasi-static (0.001/s), intermediate (1/s), and dynamic (*1000/s) strain rates using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar to determine the strain rate dependency and anisotropic effect on the strength of bone. The results indicate that cortical bone is anisotropic and stronger in the longitudinal direction compared to the transverse direction.The human cortical bone compressive response was also rate dependent in both directions, demonstrating significant increase in strength with increase in strain rate. Additionally, as the strain rate increased from intermediate to dynamic, a decrease in the elongation at transverse orientation was observed, which would indicate the bone becomes more brittle.

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Regional Differences in Some of the Physical Properties of the Human Femur

Cited by 196 publications

References 0 publications

Hardness of the Subchondral Bone of the Tibial Condyles in the Normal State and in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Hardness of the Subchondral Bone of the Tibial Condyles in the Normal State and in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Measurements of mobile and bound water by nuclear magnetic resonance correlate with mechanical properties of bone

Orientation Dependent Compressive Response of Human Femoral Cortical Bone as a Function of Strain Rate

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