Raphanus sativus Sprout Causes Selective Cytotoxic Effect on p53-Deficient Human Lung Cancer Cells in vitro

Abstract

Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicaceae) is widely consumed in many different forms worldwide. Its sprouts, in particular, are commonly consumed as a health food. R. sativus sprout has recently been shown to have anti-tumor activity on human colon cancer cells, suggesting that it may have potential use in cancer prevention and treatment. The extent of this anti-tumor activity and its underlying mechanisms, however, remain to be investigated in other types of cancer cells. In this study, we showed that the MeOH extract from R. sativus sprout exhibits significant but variable cytotoxic effects on human lung adenocarcinoma cells depending on their p53 status. The MeOH extract decreased the viability of p53-deleted human lung cancer cells (H1299 and Calu-6) by inducing apoptosis; this effect, however, did not occur for wild-type p53 cancer cells (A549), for cells expressing a p53 mutant lacking the C terminus (H1264), or for non-tumor fibroblast cells (NIH3T3). Phytochemical analyses of the MeOH extract allowed us to identify and isolate β-sitosterol as a major component of the MeOH extract. Direct treatment with β-sitosterol significantly reduced the viability of Calu-6 cells, suggesting that it may, in part, contribute to R. sativus sprout's anti-tumor activity. This work provides experimental evidence for a novel biological application of R. sativus sprout in treating human lung cancer, and it identifies the main component involved in this effect, further supporting its potential use as a functional food for cancer management.

Bioactivity-guided isolation of ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng with cytotoxic activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells

“…In the present study, as part of our continuing efforts to discover compounds in Korean natural resources with antiproliferative activity against human lung cancer [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , we explored the antiproliferative effects of KRG against human lung cancer cells. Six ginsenosides ( 1–6 ) were isolated from the active fraction through bioactivity-guided fractionation based on their cytotoxic activity and subsequent chemical investigation.…”

Anticancer activity and other biomedical properties of β‐sitosterol: Bridging phytochemistry and current pharmacological evidence for future translational approaches

“…as well as promoting phosphorylation at Ser15 (Baek et al, 2017;Rajavel et al, 2018); in gastric cancer, apoptosis is induced through the influence on Bax, pro-caspase-3, and Bcl-2 (Zhao et al, 2009;Zhong et al, 2022). Similarly, in liver cancer HepG2 cells, both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated, involving death receptors and Bcl-2 (Anwar et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2011).…”

“…When it comes to apoptosis, β‐sitosterol functions through various mechanisms. For instance, in lung cancer A549 cells, β‐sitosterol triggers apoptosis via p53 regulation, affecting molecules such as p21 and p53 as well as promoting phosphorylation at Ser15 (Baek et al, 2017; Rajavel et al, 2018); in gastric cancer, apoptosis is induced through the influence on Bax, pro‐caspase‐3, and Bcl‐2 (Zhao et al, 2009; Zhong et al, 2022). Similarly, in liver cancer HepG2 cells, both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated, involving death receptors and Bcl‐2 (Anwar et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2011).…”

“…β‐sitosterol was found to be the vital component of the MeOH extract from Raphanus sativus . β‐sitosterol efficiently decreased the p53‐deleted human lung cancer (Calu‐6 and H1299) cells viability by triggering apoptosis though this effect was inutile for wild‐type p53 cancer cells (Baek et al, 2017).…”

Molecular Mechanism of β-Sitosterol and its Derivatives in Tumor Progression

“…Another study by Baeka et al. indicated that SIT could effectively reduce the viability of p53-deficient human lung cancer Calu-6 cells ( 21 ).…”