Ptr1 evolved convergently with RPS2 and Mr5 to mediate recognition of AvrRpt2 in diverse solanaceous species

Abstract

Summary The Ptr1 (Pseudomonas tomato race 1) locus in Solanum lycopersicoides confers resistance to strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing AvrRpt2 and Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum expressing RipBN. Here we describe the identification and phylogenetic analysis of the Ptr1 gene. A single recombinant among 585 F2 plants segregating for the Ptr1 locus was discovered that narrowed the Ptr1 candidates to eight nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat protein (NLR)‐encoding genes. From analysis of the gene models in the S. lycopersicoides genome sequence and RNA‐Seq data, two of the eight genes emerged as the strongest candidates for Ptr1. One of these two candidates was found to encode Ptr1 based on its ability to mediate recognition of AvrRpt2 and RipBN when it was transiently expressed with these effectors in leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa. The ortholog of Ptr1 in tomato and in Solanum pennellii is a pseudogene. However, a functional Ptr1 ortholog exists in Nicotiana benthamiana and potato, and both mediate recognition of AvrRpt2 and RipBN. In apple and Arabidopsis, recognition of AvrRpt2 is mediated by the Mr5 and RPS2 proteins, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis places Ptr1 in a distinct clade compared with Mr5 and RPS2, and it therefore appears to have arisen by convergent evolution for recognition of AvrRpt2.

Spelling Changes and Fluorescent Tagging With Prime Editing Vectors for Plants

“…First, we tested pPPED by agroinfiltration of N. benthamiana leaves ( Figure 2A ). The target was a mutated allele of the avrRpt2 gene of the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae ( avrRpt2[C122A] ; (Mazo-Molina et al, 2020 ), delivered on t-DNA by a co-infiltrated Agrobacterium strain. The AvrRpt2 protein elicits programmed cell death in N. benthamiana , and the C122A mutation abolishes this activity.…”

Genome of Solanum pimpinellifolium provides insights into structural variants during tomato breeding

“…Nanopore sequences were generated for the SP accession LA1589 using the method described in Mazo-Molina et al 45 and used for validation of SV genotyping. Briefly, Nanopore libraries were constructed from the HMW DNA of LA1589 using the Ligation Sequencing Kit (SQK-LSK109) and sequenced on the MinION R9 flow cells for 48 h. Basecalling was performed using Guppy (v3.1.5).…”

Characterization of Five Meloidogyne incognita Effectors Associated with PsoRPM3

“…Six effectors (Minc3s00127g05433, scaf-fold166774_cov71.g22242, Minc3s00081g03887, Minc3s00642g15511, Minc3s01334g22880, and Minc3s07235g40885) were obtained from M. incognita (Figure 1A). Previous research reported that the molecular weight of effectors that can trigger plant immunity is generally smaller than the disease-resistance protein [50,51]. The molecular weight of the effector Minc3s07235g40885 obtained via IP and LC-MS is 179.48KD (Figure 1A), which is bigger than PsoRPM3 (107.490 KD).…”