Protium javanicum Burm. Methanol Extract Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Activities in Macrophage-Like RAW264.7 Cells

Abstract

Protium javanicum Burm. f. is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. Gum and oleoresins from this plant have been used as anti-inflammatory agents for treating ulcers, headaches, eyelid inflammation, and rheumatic pain. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism of action is still unknown. To better understand the mechanism, we used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells to measure inflammatory mediators with the Griess assay and to identify target signaling molecules by immunoblot analysis. In this study, we report that the Protium javanicum methanol extract (Pj-ME) plays an important role in suppressing nitric oxide (NO) levels without cytotoxicity. The effect of Pj-ME in LPS-induced expression leads to reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, specifically inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Pj-ME significantly inhibited LPS-induced protein expression of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in a time-dependent manner. Syk and Src were identified as putative signaling molecules of Pj-ME-mediated anti-inflammatory activity, which were inhibited by Pj-ME. We demonstrated that Pj-ME controls the STAT3 signaling pathway by suppressing STAT3 and JAK phosphorylation and also downregulates the gene expression of IL-6. Therefore, these results elucidate Pj-ME as a novel anti-inflammatory naturally derived drug with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which may be subject to therapeutic and prognostic relevance.

Development and Optimization of Nanoemulsion from Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica (NanoSECA) Using D-Optimal Mixture Design to Improve Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

“…However, proinflammatory induction and stress conditions lead to chronic diseases [ 53 ]. Macrophages are responsible for secreting inflammatory cytokines after activation and mediating inflammation [ 54 ]. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a part of Gram-negative bacteria's outer wall that activates macrophages and leads to the release of specific proinflammatory cytokines such as promoting tissue damage and chronic diseases [ 54 ].…”

Anti-inflammatory Limonoids From Cortex Dictamni

“…LPS can stimulate the acute inflammatory response by increasing expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), successively (Ahujaa et al, 2019). In the process, the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS/NO, NF-κB, as well as COX-2 will be upregulated, which will promote tissue damage and chronic disease.…”

Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Methanol Extract Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Targeting Syk, Src, and IRAK1 Kinase Activity

“…ese results suggest that Tt-ME selectively inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory signaling in RAW2647 macrophages. Our recent findings reported that Syk and Src contribute to NF-κB-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα at early time points [38,49,50]. Meanwhile, MEK1/2, MKK3/6, TAK1, and IRAK1 are known to be the upstream molecules of ERK, JNK, and p38 [51][52][53].…”