Potato spindle tuber viroid detected in seed of uncultivated Solanum anguivi, S. coagulans and S. dasyphyllum collected from Ghana, Kenya and Uganda

Skelton, A.; Buxton‐Kirk, A.; Fowkes, A.; Harju, V.; Forde, S.; Ward, R.; Frew, L.; Wagstaff, O.; Pearce, Tim R.; Terry, Janet; Dickie, John B.; Cockel, Christopher; Nyamongo, D.; Aboagye, L. M.; Wasswa, J.M.; Fox, Adrian

doi:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2019.039.023

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Of ninety-eight seed samples tested, eight were found to be infected with PSTVd including S. anguivi, S. dasyphyllum and S. coagulans -all new host records for the pathogen. Utilising herbarium samples collected contemporaneously with the seed samples, the findings from Uganda and Kenya were used to confirm both the species and country records for these detections, representing the first records of PSTVd in East Africa (Skelton et al, 2019). These findings have implications for food production, food security and breeding of solanaceous crops in the region.…”

Section: Case Study: the Risks From Wild-collected Seedsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Currently little is known about the role of crop-wild relatives as either alternate or reservoir hosts. However, the report from Skelton et al (2019) found evidence of PSTVd in nearly 10 per cent of seed lots tested, suggesting, for some genera at least, that the biosecurity risks associated with wild-collected, crop-wild relatives may be underestimated. There is a need to better understand this risk and the broader role of such hosts in pathogen infection cycles.…”

Section: Revised Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The biosecurity risks of seeds in a botanic garden context

Redstone

Fox

2021

Sibbaldia

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Seeds present a naturally occurring package of germplasm with ideal attributes for collection, distribution and, in the case of orthodox seed, long term storage. From a phytosanitary perspective seeds are often considered a relatively low-risk option for movement of germplasm across borders. Most published data are concerned with diseases of commercial crops and little is known about the risks associated with wild collected, non-commercial seeds. However, there is demonstrable risk associated with the movement of any plant germplasm which can pose a risk to both crops and the wider environment. Presented here are a discussion on seed standards and the difference between seed borne and seed transmitted pathogens, with case studies presented to highlight the risks associated with informal seed systems and wild collected seeds in particular. Additionally, suggestions on how to address phytosanitary issues are presented including awareness raising measures aimed at improving biosecurity procedures during collection and before long-term storage of seed accessions.

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Section: Case Study: the Risks From Wild-collected Seedsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Revised Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biosecurity risks of seeds in a botanic garden context

Redstone

Fox

2021

Sibbaldia

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“…PSTVd is also known to cause disease in pepper and tomato but it can be symptomless in other species (CABI, 2021). In Kenya it has been detected in Solanum coagulons (Skelton et al, 2019).…”

Section: Next Generation Sequencing Rt-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Potato spindle tuber viroid infecting tree tomato in Kenya in mixed infection with Potato virus Y

Kinoga

Kuria

Miano

et al. 2021

New Disease Reports

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Next generation sequencing, RT-PCRPotato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is composed of a single stranded circular RNA and was first described causing disease in potato in 1922.PSTVd is also known to cause disease in pepper and tomato but it can be symptomless in other species (CABI, 2021). In Kenya it has been detected in Solanum coagulons (Skelton et al., 2019).Leaf samples of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) showing virusassociated symptoms, including leaf malformation and mottling, and veinal necrosis (Fig. 1), were collected from 14 farms during a survey in four counties in Kenya: Embu, Machakos, Meru and Tharaka-Nithi.Sequencing was done on a pooled sample, formed by selecting one sample from those collected from each of the farms. A single representative leaf sample from each farm was selected, and pooled into the single sample for high throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis. RNA was extracted using a CTAB method (Gambino et al., 2008) then taken for cDNA synthesis. Sequencing was done on the Ion Torrent S5 XL (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) platform resulting in nine million reads with an average read length of 146 bp. The CLC Genomics workbench (QIAGEN, Germany) was used to trim 15 nucleotides from the 3′ end of all raw sequence reads and those less than 20 bp in length were discarded. A query of a local download GenBank virus database, revealed 26 reads aligning to PSTVd, and 1440 aligning to members of the Potato virus Y (PVY) complex. Reference-guided genome assembly for PSTVd was conducted using the exemplar strain (GenBank Accession No. NC002030) and resulted in a 359 bp consensus genome sequence, which was added to GenBank (MZ054164). BLAST results showed a 97.78% nucleotide alignment to a PSTVd isolate from the USA (JX280944).This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…For example, of RBGE's 1,329 new accessions in 2018, around 1,040 (or over 75 per cent) were grown from seed. Most pathogens are not transmitted in seeds, but there have been important and consequential exceptions (Franić et al, 2019;Liebhold et al, 2012;Santini et al, 2013;Matsushita & Tsuda, 2016;Skelton et al, 2019) so care and quarantine are still important. Moreover, insect pests commonly attack seeds and fruits, and the latter additionally carry maternal tissue that may be infected.…”

Section: Where Do Botanic Gardens Fit In?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Guest Essay Global hosts and global pathogens: a perspective

Antonovics

Hayden

2020

Sibbaldia

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Plant species are assailed by a remarkable diversity of pathogens, and these and other pests pose a serious direct risk to collections in botanic gardens as well as a potential source of pathogen escape. The high diversity of species in gardens combined with low population numbers minimises the likelihood of disease spread of specialist pathogens, but importation of novel pathogens is a constant concern. In parallel with natural systems, there is little data on pathogen loads in botanic gardens, on what accession policies minimise these and if such loads are likely to differ by country of origin or plant life form. Nevertheless, commonsense measures such as prohibiting the importation of plants in soil, shifting to seed and in vitro propagation, and inspection and quarantine on receiving and transferring plants should be implemented.This edition of Sibbaldia explores a variety of directions for improving our ability to develop strategies for dealing not just with pathogen threats, but with a more rational approach to pests and to microbial interactions that are a natural part of a plant’s heritage.

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Potato spindle tuber viroid detected in seed of uncultivated Solanum anguivi, S. coagulans and S. dasyphyllum collected from Ghana, Kenya and Uganda

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

The biosecurity risks of seeds in a botanic garden context

The biosecurity risks of seeds in a botanic garden context

First report of Potato spindle tuber viroid infecting tree tomato in Kenya in mixed infection with Potato virus Y

Guest Essay Global hosts and global pathogens: a perspective

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