<i>PMR6</i>, a Pectate Lyase–Like Gene Required for Powdery Mildew Susceptibility in Arabidopsis

Vogel, John P.; Raab, Theodore K.; Schiff, Celine; Somerville, Shauna

doi:10.1105/tpc.003509

Cited by 334 publications

(310 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

301

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Recent studies demonstrated the importance of the cell wall in immune responses against diverse pathogens [61][62][63][64][65]. Thickness or reinforcement of the cell wall plays important roles in counteracting the penetration of fungal pathogens [66,67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice RING protein OsBBI1 with E3 ligase activity confers broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae by modifying the cell wall defence

Zhong

et al. 2011

Cell Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Emerging evidence suggests that E3 ligases play critical roles in diverse biological processes, including innate immune responses in plants. However, the mechanism of the E3 ligase involvement in plant innate immunity is unclear. We report that a rice gene, OsBBI1, encoding a RING finger protein with E3 ligase activity, mediates broad-spectrum disease resistance. The expression of OsBBI1 was induced by rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, as well as chemical inducers, benzothiadiazole and salicylic acid. Biochemical analysis revealed that OsBBI1 protein possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. Genetic analysis revealed that the loss of OsBBI1 function in a Tos17-insertion line increased susceptibility, while the overexpression of OsBBI1 in transgenic plants conferred enhanced resistance to multiple races of M. oryzae. This indicates that OsBBI1 modulates broad-spectrum resistance against the blast fungus. The OsBBI1-overexpressing plants showed higher levels of H 2 O 2 accumulation in cells and higher levels of phenolic compounds and cross-linking of proteins in cell walls at infection sites by M. oryzae compared with wild-type (WT) plants. The cell walls were thicker in the OsBBI1-overexpressing plants and thinner in the mutant plants than in the WT plants. Our results suggest that OsBBI1 modulates broad-spectrum resistance to blast fungus by modifying cell wall defence responses. The functional characterization of OsBBI1 provides insight into the E3 ligase-mediated innate immunity, and a practical tool for constructing broad-spectrum resistance against the most destructive disease in rice.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice RING protein OsBBI1 with E3 ligase activity confers broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae by modifying the cell wall defence

Zhong

et al. 2011

Cell Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast, several Arabidopsis mutants that have enhanced resistance to various virulent powdery mildew species have been found, including the gsl5/pmr4 mutant mentioned above [45][46][47]. Interestingly, T-DNA insertions in AtMLO2, one of three Arabidopsis AtMLO homologues that share greatest sequence relatedness to barley MLO [48], are sufficient to render Arabidopsis resistant to the dicot powdery mildew, G. orontii.…”

Section: Current Opinion In Plant Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Knocking on the heaven’s wall: pathogenesis of and resistance to biotrophic fungi at the cell wall

Schulze‐Lefert

2004

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

123

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

New findings challenge the traditional view of the plant cell wall as passive structural barrier to invasion by fungal microorganisms. A surveillance system for cell wall integrity appears to sense perturbation of the cell wall structure upon fungal attack and is interconnected with known plant defence signalling pathways. Biotrophic fungi might manipulate this surveillance system for the establishment of biotrophy. The attempts of fungi to invade also induce a sub-cellular polarisation in attacked cells, which activates an ancient vesicle-associated resistance response that possibly enables the focal transport of regulatory cargo and the secretion of toxic cargo. The underlying resistance machinery might have been subverted by biotrophic fungi for pathogenesis. IntroductionPenetration through the plant cell wall represents an Achilles heel in the pathogenesis of most biotrophic fungi and marks a lifestyle transition from extra-cellular to invasive growth. Modification of the plant cell wall was recognised for the first time as potential resistance mechanism almost 80 years ago following work in which 78 plant species and varieties were challenged with Alternaria spp. and other leaf-spotting fungi [1]. The termination of fungal pathogenesis at the cell wall was commonly associated with wall 'thickenings' and the formation of local additions or 'callosities' in the paramural space (i.e. the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane). Formation of these cell wall appositions (CWAs) or papillae is usually accompanied by a co-localised accumulation of phenolics and reactive oxygen species [2][3][4][5][6]. The complex process of sub-cellular cell wall remodelling is tightly linked to the rapid disassembly and subsequent focal reassembly of the plant cytoskeleton at fungal entry sites, which is indicative of a pathogen-triggered cell polarisation [6][7][8][9]. There has been a long-standing controversy, however, over whether CWAs function in disease resistance or facilitate the entry of fungal pathogens into host cells by providing a structural collar for the intruder. New molecular genetic data from Arabidopsis and barley have indeed revealed that molecular processes at and in CWAs have Janus-faced functions, that is, functions for fungal pathogenesis and in resistance responses. Focal vesicle transport and vesicle fusion events that are dependent on SNAP (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor-association protein) receptor (SNARE) proteins at the plasma membrane emerge as potential common underlying mechanisms that might be interconnected with a poorly understood cell wall integrity surveillance system. In this review, I discuss the seemingly paradoxical functions of these processes in establishing the biotrophic lifestyle and in disease resistance at the cell periphery.Linking cell wall structure to biotic stress signalling Callose, a (1!3)-b-D-glucan, has long been known to be synthesised and deposited rapidly at CWAs upon microbial attack. This polymer was thought to contribute to a physical barrie...

show abstract

“…To address this question, a set of 34 Arabidopsis mutants that are resistant to the host powdery mildew pathogen were examined for pen3-like phenotypes (see Supplemental Table 4 online) (Greenberg and Ausubel, 1993;Frye and Innes, 1998;Rate et al, 1999;Clough et al, 2000;Petersen et al, 2000;Vogel and Somerville, 2000;Clarke et al, 2001;Mach et al, 2001;Rate and Greenberg, 2001;Maleck et al, 2002;Vogel et al, 2002Vogel et al, , 2004Liang et al, 2003). This collection included published cpr, acd, agd, and pmr mutants as well as a set of mil (for mildew-induced lesion) mutants (M. Nishimura, J. Vogel, and S. Somerville, unpublished data).…”

Section: Pen3 Encodes a Pdr-like Abc Transportermentioning

confidence: 99%

ArabidopsisPEN3/PDR8, an ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Contributes to Nonhost Resistance to Inappropriate Pathogens That Enter by Direct Penetration

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Arabidopsis thaliana is a host to the powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum and nonhost to Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei, the powdery mildew pathogenic on barley (Hordeum vulgare). Screening for Arabidopsis mutants deficient in resistance to barley powdery mildew identified PENETRATION3 (PEN3). pen3 plants permitted both increased invasion into epidermal cells and initiation of hyphae by B. g. hordei, suggesting that PEN3 contributes to defenses at the cell wall and intracellularly. pen3 mutants were compromised in resistance to the necrotroph Plectosphaerella cucumerina and to two additional inappropriate biotrophs, pea powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) and potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Unexpectedly, pen3 mutants were resistant to E. cichoracearum. This resistance was salicylic acid–dependent and correlated with chlorotic patches. Consistent with this observation, salicylic acid pathway genes were hyperinduced in pen3 relative to the wild type. The phenotypes conferred by pen3 result from the loss of function of PLEIOTROPIC DRUG RESISTANCE8 (PDR8), a highly expressed putative ATP binding cassette transporter. PEN3/PDR8 tagged with green fluorescent protein localized to the plasma membrane in uninfected cells. In infected leaves, the protein concentrated at infection sites. PEN3/PDR8 may be involved in exporting toxic materials to attempted invasion sites, and intracellular accumulation of these toxins in pen3 may secondarily activate the salicylic acid pathway.

show abstract

PMR6, a Pectate Lyase–Like Gene Required for Powdery Mildew Susceptibility in Arabidopsis

Cited by 334 publications

References 40 publications

Rice RING protein OsBBI1 with E3 ligase activity confers broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae by modifying the cell wall defence

Rice RING protein OsBBI1 with E3 ligase activity confers broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae by modifying the cell wall defence

Knocking on the heaven’s wall: pathogenesis of and resistance to biotrophic fungi at the cell wall

ArabidopsisPEN3/PDR8, an ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Contributes to Nonhost Resistance to Inappropriate Pathogens That Enter by Direct Penetration

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About