Piper longum L.: A comprehensive review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and health‐promoting activities

Abstract

Piper longum (family Piperaceae), commonly known as "long-pepper" or "Pippali" grows as a perennial shrub or as an herbaceous vine. It is native to the Indo-Malaya region and widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical world including the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, Middle-East, and America. The fruits are mostly used as culinary spice and preservatives and are also a potent remedy in various traditional medicinal systems against bronchitis, cough, cold, snakebite, and scorpion-sting and are also used as a contraceptive. Various bioactive-phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, esters, and steroids were identified from the plant extracts and essential oils from the roots and fruits were reported as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anthelminthic, mosquito-larvicidal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, neuro-pharmacological, antihyperglycaemic, hepato-protective, antihyperlipidaemic, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, antiarthritic, antiulcer, antiasthmatic, cardioprotective, and anti-snake-venom agents. Many of its pharmacological properties were attributed to its antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects and its ability to modulate a number of signalling pathways and enzymes. This review comprehensively encompasses information on habit, distribution, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of P. longum in relation to its medicinal importance and health benefits to validate the traditional claims supported by specific scientific experiments. In addition, it also discusses the safety and toxicity studies, application of green synthesis and nanotechnology as well as clinical trials performed with the plant also elucidating research gaps and future perspectives of its multifaceted uses.

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Piper as Anticancer Agents: A Review

“…The EI-MS [M] + m/z of this compound is 341.2336 and gave C 21 H 27 NO 3 molecular formula. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz) δ H : 6.80 (dt, J = 15.0, 4.0), 6.90 (d, J = 1.6), 6.76(d, J = 8), 6.71 (d, J = 8), 6.32 (d, J = 15.4), 6.07 (dt, J = 6.6,15.4), 5.90 (d, J = 15.5), 5.92 (s, OCH 2 O), 3.48(s), 3.48 (s), 2.21 (m), 2.17 (m), 1.63 (m), 1.56(m) and 1.47(m); 13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 , 75 MHz) δ C : 165.2, 147.9, 146.5, 145.2, 132.2, 129.5, 128.6, 120.5, 120.1, 100.8 (OCH 2 O), 108.0, 105.2, 46.6, 42.9, 32.6, 32.2, 28.9, 27.9, 26.5, 25.6, and 24.6. [38]…”

“…1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 , 500 MHz) δH: 7.93 (d, J = 2.3), 7.83 (d, J = 2.3), 6.57 (s), 6.47 (d, J = 2.5), 6.45 (s), 6.35 (d, J = 2.5), 3.88 (s, OCH 3 ), 3.89 (s, OCH3), 3.97 (s, OCH 3 ). 13 ). [41] 55.5 (Ome).…”

“…1 H-NMR (MeOD, 500 MHz) δH: 8.45 (S), 5.24 (s, OH), 5.23 (d, 2.0), 4.75 (d, J = 6.5), 3.21 (ddt, J = 16.9, J = 10.4, J = 6.5), 3.20 (m), 3.20 (ddt, J = 16.9, J = 3.2, J = 3.2). 13 C-NMR (MeOD, 125 MHz) δH: 114.3, 144.7,142.9, 138.2, 131.9, 119.8, 115.6, 115.2, and 39.3. [22]…”

“…1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 , 400 MHz) δ H: 6.85 (m), 6.69 (m), 5.96 (m), 5.50 (s, OH), 5.07 (m), 3.88 (s), 3.33 (d, J = 6.8). 13 C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 146.6, 144.1, 138.0, 132.1, 121.4, 115.7, 114.4, 111.3, 56.0, 40.1. [45] 3.10.…”

Alkaloids from Piper longum Exhibit Anti-inflammatory Activity and Synergistic Effects with Chemotherapeutic Agents against Cervical Cancer Cells

“…As the most abundant component in P. longum, alkaloids possess various pharmacological activities . Piperine is the main amide alkaloid isolated from P.…”