Phaseolus vulgaris L. Seedlings Exposed to Prometryn Herbicide Contaminated Soil Trigger an Oxidative Stress Response

Abstract

Herbicides from the family of S-triazines, such as prometryn, have been widely used in crop production and can constitute an environmental pollution in both water and soil. As a valuable crop, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is grown all over the world and could be exposed to such herbicides. We wanted to investigate the possible stress sustained by the common bean growing in prometryn-polluted soil. Two situations were observed: when soil was treated with ≥100 μM prometryn, some, but not all, measured growth parameters were affected in a dose-dependent manner. Growth was reduced, and photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic products were less accumulated when soil was treated with ≥100 μM prometryn. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced had a deleterious effect, as seen by the accumulation of oxidized lipid in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA). Higher prometryn (500 μM) concentrations had a disastrous effect, reducing antioxidant activities. At a low (10 μM) concentration, prometryn increased antioxidant enzymatic activities without affecting plant growth or MDA production. Gene expression of proline metabolism genes and proline accumulation confirm that bean plants respond to a stress according to the prometryn concentration. Physiological responses such as antioxidative enzymes APX, CAT, and the enzyme implicated in the metabolization of xenobiotics, GST, were increased at 10 and 100 μM, which indicated a prevention of deleterious effects of prometryn, suggesting that bean is a suitable material both for herbicide pollution sensing and as a crop on a low level of herbicide pollution.

Assessment of malathion toxicity on cytophysiological activity, DNA damage and antioxidant enzymes in root of Allium cepa model

“…However, the declination in CAT activity at the highest dose (0.52 g/L) reflected that H 2 O 2 was not efficiently detoxified by this enzyme. The observed high MDA content in the present work indicated high H 2 O 2 level that was correlated to the inhibition of CAT activity 63 . Lowering in GST activity at 0.52 g/L concentration indicated the sensitivity of enzyme.…”

Prometryn induces apoptotic cell death through cell cycle arrest and oxidative DNA damage

“…Boulahia et al 1 showed that exposing seeds to prometryn could trigger a significant oxidative stress response. When the soil was treated with prometryn at concentrations of 100 µM or more, the cells began to produce ROS, which had a harmful effect on seed growth.…”

“…19 These actions eventually result in the accumulation of ROS in body cells and induce oxidative stress. 1,20 Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to other electron transport chains. Therefore, we speculate that prometryn induces oxidative stress in human and animal cells in a similar manner.…”

“…1a) is a widely used selective triazine herbicide, which is currently used as an alternative to atrazine-based products, and is widely applied to agriculture as it has lower acute toxicity than atrazine herbicides, stable chemical properties, and a long period of effectiveness. 1 However, prometryn can be also toxic to animals. 2 In addition, triazine herbicides and their degradation products have long persistence in the environment, especially in air and water, and can damage the human immune system and endanger the health of humans, animals and plants.…”

Expression Profiles of <i>psbA, ALS, EPSPS</i>, and Other Chloroplastic Genes in Response to PSII-, ALS-, and EPSPS-Inhibitor Treatments in <i>Kochia scoparia</i>

“…In this study, the high KspsbA gene expression in kochia after atrazine application can be explained by the rapid turnover of the D1 protein. The photoinhibitory damage caused by atrazine also leads to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) [35]. The singlet oxygen and the other free radicals produced after the blockage of electron transfer by triazines result in an irreversible damage to photosynthetic machinery contributing to plant death [36].…”