<i>PETAL LOSS</i>, a trihelix transcription factor gene, regulates perianth architecture in the<i>Arabidopsis</i>flower

Brewer, Philip B.; Howles, Paul A.; Dorian, Kristen J.; Griffith, Megan; Ishida, Tetsuya; Kaplan-Levy, Ruth N.; Kilinc, Aydin; Smyth, David

doi:10.1242/dev.01279

Cited by 149 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Constitutive and reporter transgenes were made using the pMDC162 and pMDC32 binary vectors (45). Arabidopsis was transformed by floral dip method (46) and whole-mount GUS staining was as described (47). The abutting method was used for Arabidopsis grafting (48).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASEacts in the final stages of strigolactone biosynthesis inArabidopsis

Brewer

Yoneyama

Filardo

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Strigolactones are a group of plant compounds of diverse but related chemical structures. They have similar bioactivity across a broad range of plant species, act to optimize plant growth and development, and promote soil microbe interactions. Carlactone, a common precursor to strigolactones, is produced by conserved enzymes found in a number of diverse species. Versions of the MORE AXILLARY GROWTH1 (MAX1) cytochrome P450 from rice and Arabidopsis thaliana make specific subsets of strigolactones from carlactone. However, the diversity of natural strigolactones suggests that additional enzymes are involved and remain to be discovered. Here, we use an innovative method that has revealed a missing enzyme involved in strigolactone metabolism. By using a transcriptomics approach involving a range of treatments that modify strigolactone biosynthesis gene expression coupled with reverse genetics, we identified LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE (LBO), a gene encoding an oxidoreductase-like enzyme of the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. Arabidopsis lbo mutants exhibited increased shoot branching, but the lbo mutation did not enhance the max mutant phenotype. Grafting indicated that LBO is required for a graft-transmissible signal that, in turn, requires a product of MAX1. Mutant lbo backgrounds showed reduced responses to carlactone, the substrate of MAX1, and methyl carlactonoate (MeCLA), a product downstream of MAX1. Furthermore, lbo mutants contained increased amounts of these compounds, and the LBO protein specifically converts MeCLA to an unidentified strigolactone-like compound. Thus, LBO function may be important in the later steps of strigolactone biosynthesis to inhibit shoot branching in Arabidopsis and other seed plants.plant | branching | strigolactone | biosynthesis | Arabidopsis

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASEacts in the final stages of strigolactone biosynthesis inArabidopsis

Brewer

Yoneyama

Filardo

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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218

256

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“…The trihelix transcription factor gene PTL is expressed in intersepal regions, and ptl mutants show variable petal loss (Griffith et al, 1999;Brewer et al, 2004). Petal initiation is thought to be disrupted in ptl mutants as a consequence of growth distortions in the intersepal regions, which influence auxin accumulation in adjacent regions of the floral meristem where petals initiate (Lampugnani et al, 2012(Lampugnani et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Developmental Basis For Ambient Temperature Effect On Petal mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Regulation of Petal Number

et al. 2017

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Four petals characterize the flowers of most species in the Brassicaceae family, and this phenotype is generally robust to genetic and environmental variation. A variable petal number distinguishes the flowers of Cardamine hirsuta from those of its close relative Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and allelic variation at many loci contribute to this trait. However, it is less clear whether C. hirsuta petal number varies in response to seasonal changes in environment. To address this question, we assessed whether petal number responds to a suite of environmental and endogenous cues that regulate flowering time in C. hirsuta. We found that petal number showed seasonal variation in C. hirsuta, such that spring flowering plants developed more petals than those flowering in summer. Conditions associated with spring flowering, including cool ambient temperature, short photoperiod, and vernalization, all increased petal number in C. hirsuta. Cool temperature caused the strongest increase in petal number and lengthened the time interval over which floral meristems matured. We performed live imaging of early flower development and showed that floral buds developed more slowly at 15°C versus 20°C. This extended phase of floral meristem formation, coupled with slower growth of sepals at 15°C, produced larger intersepal regions with more space available for petal initiation. In summary, the growth and maturation of floral buds is associated with variable petal number in C. hirsuta and responds to seasonal changes in ambient temperature.

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“…Suppression of AGAMOUS activity in the perianth whorls is important for petal growth, and this process is controlled by AP2, AINTEGUMENTA, LEUNIG, SEUSS, RABBIT EARS, ROXY1, and STERILE APETALA (Liu and Meyerowitz, 1995;Byzova et al, 1999;Conner and Liu, 2000;Krizek et al, 2000Krizek et al, , 2006Franks et al, 2002;Sridhar et al, 2004;Xing et al, 2005;Grigorova et al, 2011). Petal primordia arise at four loci in the second whorl, and this positioning is established independently of the process that determines organ identity (Griffith et al, 1999;Brewer et al, 2004;Takeda et al, 2004;Xing et al, 2005;Lampugnani et al, 2013). After initiation, the growth of petals depends on the activity of cell division and expansion along the proximal-distal axis, which is partly regulated by JAGGED (Dinneny et al, 2004;Ohno et al, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Physical Interaction of Floral Organs Controls Petal Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis

et al. 2013

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Flowering plants bear beautiful flowers to attract pollinators. Petals are the most variable organs in flowering plants, with their color, fragrance, and shape. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), petal primordia arise at a similar time to stamen primordia and elongate at later stages through the narrow space between anthers and sepals. Although many of the genes involved in regulating petal identity and primordia growth are known, the molecular mechanism for the later elongation process remains unknown. We found a mutant, folded petals1 (fop1), in which normal petal development is inhibited during their growth through the narrow space between sepals and anthers, resulting in formation of folded petals at maturation. During elongation, the fop1 petals contact the sepal surface at several sites. The conical-shaped petal epidermal cells are flattened in the fop1 mutant, as if they had been pressed from the top. Surgical or genetic removal of sepals in young buds restores the regular growth of petals, suggesting that narrow space within a bud is the cause of petal folding in the fop1 mutant. FOP1 encodes a member of the bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase family, WSD11, which is expressed in elongating petals and localized to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that the FOP1/WSD11 products synthesized in the petal epidermis may act as a lubricant, enabling uninhibited growth of the petals as they extend between the sepals and the anthers.

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PETAL LOSS, a trihelix transcription factor gene, regulates perianth architecture in theArabidopsisflower

Cited by 149 publications

References 36 publications

LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASEacts in the final stages of strigolactone biosynthesis inArabidopsis

LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASEacts in the final stages of strigolactone biosynthesis inArabidopsis

Seasonal Regulation of Petal Number

Physical Interaction of Floral Organs Controls Petal Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis

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