<i>PERPETUAL FLOWERING2</i>coordinates the vernalization response and perennial flowering in<i>Arabis alpina</i>

Lázaro, A. M.; Zhou, Yiding; Giesguth, Miriam; Nawaz, Kashif; Bergonzi, Sara; Pečinka, Aleš; Coupland, George; Albani, Maria C.

doi:10.1093/jxb/ery423

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…In Arabidopsis, SPL15 activates the transcription of MIR172b, which negatively regulates the expression of APETALA2-like transcription factors (Hyun et al, 2016). A screen for mutants of A. alpina Pajares that flower independently of vernalization identified mutations in the AP2 ortholog, PEP2, suggesting that this floral repressor plays a critical role in blocking flowering of A. alpina prior to vernalization (Bergonzi et al, 2013;Lazaro et al, 2019). As PEP1 directly binds to SPL15 to repress its transcription and AaSPL15 transcription rises in vernalization (Mateos et al, 2017;Hyun et al, 2019), these data suggest that upon vernalization of A. alpina increased expression of SPL15 activates MIR172b transcription that in turn allows the repression of PEP2 and flowering.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gibberellins Act Downstream of Arabis PERPETUAL FLOWERING1 to Accelerate Floral Induction during Vernalization

et al. 2019

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Regulation of flowering by endogenous and environmental signals ensures that reproduction occurs under optimal conditions to maximize reproductive success. Involvement of the growth regulator gibberellin (GA) in the control of flowering by environmental cues varies among species. Arabis alpina Pajares, a model perennial member of the Brassicaceae, only undergoes floral induction during vernalization, allowing definition of the role of GA specifically in this process. The transcription factor PERPETUAL FLOWERING1 (PEP1) represses flowering until its mRNA levels are reduced during vernalization. Genome-wide analyses of PEP1 targets identified genes involved in GA metabolism and signaling, and many of the binding sites in these genes were specific to the A. alpina lineage. Here, we show that the pep1 mutant exhibits an elongated-stem phenotype, similar to that caused by treatment with exogenous GA, consistent with PEP1 repressing GA responses. Moreover, in comparison with the wild type, the pep1 mutant contains higher GA 4 levels and is more sensitive to GA prior to vernalization. Upon exposure to cold temperatures, GA levels fall to low levels in the pep1 mutant and in wild-type plants, but GA still promotes floral induction and the transcription of floral meristem identity genes during vernalization. Reducing GA levels strongly impairs flowering and inflorescence development in response to short vernalization treatments, but longer treatments overcome the requirement for GA. Thus, GA accelerates the floral transition during vernalization in A. alpina, the down-regulation of PEP1 likely increases GA sensitivity, and GA responses contribute to determining the length of vernalization required for flowering and reproduction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gibberellins Act Downstream of Arabis PERPETUAL FLOWERING1 to Accelerate Floral Induction during Vernalization

et al. 2019

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“…However, unlike FLC , which remains fully silenced post‐vernalization, PEP1 expression reverts to high levels in warm conditions and represses flowering in the meristems of young vegetative branches that will continue to grow and not flower until after the next winter. PEP2 , orthologous to APETALA 2 ( AP2 ), is required to activate PEP1 after vernalization (Lazaro et al , ). The competency of A. alpina meristems to respond to vernalization cues is age‐dependent; the expression of a small RNA, miR156 , declines over developmental time and, in doing so, de‐represses expression of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN‐LIKE 15 ( SPL15 ), a promoter of flowering (Xu et al , ; Hyun et al , ).…”

Section: Evolution Of Developmental Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The competency of A. alpina meristems to respond to vernalization cues is age‐dependent; the expression of a small RNA, miR156 , declines over developmental time and, in doing so, de‐represses expression of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN‐LIKE 15 ( SPL15 ), a promoter of flowering (Xu et al , ; Hyun et al , ). Age‐dependent interactions between PEP2 and another small RNA, miR172 , also regulate axillary meristem competency independent of SPL15 (Bergonzi et al , ; Lazaro et al , )…”

Section: Evolution Of Developmental Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary processes from the perspective of flowering time diversity

Gaudinier

Blackman

2019

New Phytologist

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Summary Although it is well appreciated that genetic studies of flowering time regulation have led to fundamental advances in the fields of molecular and developmental biology, the ways in which genetic studies of flowering time diversity have enriched the field of evolutionary biology have received less attention despite often being equally profound. Because flowering time is a complex, environmentally responsive trait that has critical impacts on plant fitness, crop yield, and reproductive isolation, research into the genetic architecture and molecular basis of its evolution continues to yield novel insights into our understanding of domestication, adaptation, and speciation. For instance, recent studies of flowering time variation have reconstructed how, when, and where polygenic evolution of phenotypic plasticity proceeded from standing variation and de novo mutations; shown how antagonistic pleiotropy and temporally varying selection maintain polymorphisms in natural populations; and provided important case studies of how assortative mating can evolve and facilitate speciation with gene flow. In addition, functional studies have built detailed regulatory networks for this trait in diverse taxa, leading to new knowledge about how and why developmental pathways are rewired and elaborated through evolutionary time.

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“…Orthologs of some of these genes have also been functionally characterised in A. alpina and it has been demonstrated that they contribute to the age-dependent control of flowering. These factors include the A. alpina orthologs of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE15 (AaSPL15 ), PERPETUAL FLOWERING2 (PEP2 , the A. alpina ortholog of AP2 ) and TARGET OF EAT2 (AaTOE2 ; Bergonzi et al, 2013;Hyun et al, 2019;Lazaro et al, 2019;Zhou, Gan, Viñegra de la Torre, Neumann, & Albani, 2021).…”

Section: Juvenile Phase Lengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabis alpina: a perennial model plant for ecological genomics and life-history evolution

Wötzel

Andrello

Albani

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Many model organisms have obtained a prominent status due to an advantageous combination of their life-history characteristics, genetic properties and also practical considerations. In non-crop plants, Arabidopsis thaliana is the most renowned model and has been used as study system to elucidate numerous biological processes at the molecular level. Once a complete genome sequence was available, research has markedly accelerated and further established A. thaliana as the reference to stimulate studies in other species with different biology. Within the Brassicaceae family, the arctic-alpine perennial Arabis alpina has become a model complementary to A. thaliana to study life-history evolution and ecological genomics in harsh environments. In this review, we provide an overview of the properties that facilitated the rapid emergence of A. alpina as a plant model. We summarize the evolutionary history of A. alpina, including the diversification of its mating system, and discuss recent progress in the molecular dissection of developmental traits that are related to its perennial life history and environmental adaptation. We indicate open questions from which future research might be developed in other Brassicaceae species or more distantly related plant families.

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PERPETUAL FLOWERING2coordinates the vernalization response and perennial flowering inArabis alpina

Abstract: The Arabis alpina APETALA2 ortholog, PERPETUAL FLOWERING2, coordinates the age-dependent response to vernalization and it is required to facilitate the activation of A. alpina FLOWERING LOCUS C after vernalization.

Cited by 17 publications

References 55 publications

Gibberellins Act Downstream of Arabis PERPETUAL FLOWERING1 to Accelerate Floral Induction during Vernalization

Gibberellins Act Downstream of Arabis PERPETUAL FLOWERING1 to Accelerate Floral Induction during Vernalization

Evolutionary processes from the perspective of flowering time diversity

Arabis alpina: a perennial model plant for ecological genomics and life-history evolution

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