<i>Panzhousaurus rotundirostris</i> Jiang et al., 2019 (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) and the recovery of the monophyly of Pachypleurosauridae

Lin, Wei; Jiang, Da-Yong; Rieppel, Olivier; Motani, Ryosuke; Tintori, Andrea; Sun, Zuo-Yu; Zhou, Min

doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1901730

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…(3) Sauropterygia This clade comprises Placodontia and Eosauropterygia, with the former comprising unarmoured Placodontoidea and armoured Cyamodontoidea, whereas the latter comprise the derived Pistosauroidea and successively more basal Nothosauroidea, Cymatosauridae, and Pachypleurosauridae (Rieppel, 2000;Ma et al, 2015;Cheng et al, 2016;Lin et al, 2021). Pistosauroidea in turn comprises the derived Plesiosauria and a grade of more basal forms, with the most basal forms being Wangosaurus, Pistosauridae, and Yunguisaurus in that order (Lin et al, 2021).…”

Section: Marine Adaptation Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecophysiological steps of marine adaptation in extant and extinct non‐avian tetrapods

Motani

Vermeij

2021

Biological Reviews

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Marine reptiles and mammals are phylogenetically so distant from each other that their marine adaptations are rarely compared directly. We reviewed ecophysiological features in extant non-avian marine tetrapods representing 31 marine colonizations to test whether there is a common pattern across higher taxonomic groups, such as mammals and reptiles.Marine adaptations in tetrapods can be roughly divided into aquatic and haline adaptations, each of which seems to follow a sequence of three steps. In combination, these six categories exhibit five steps of marine adaptation that apply across all clades except snakes: Step M1, incipient use of marine resources; Step M2, direct feeding in the saline sea; Step M3, water balance maintenance without terrestrial fresh water; Step M4, minimized terrestrial travel and loss of terrestrial feeding; and Step M5, loss of terrestrial thermoregulation and fur/plumage. Acquisition of viviparity is not included because there is no known case where viviparity evolved after a tetrapod lineage colonized the sea. A similar sequence is found in snakes but with the haline adaptation step (Step M3) lagging behind aquatic adaptation (haline adaptation is Step S5 in snakes), most likely because their unique method of water balance maintenance requires a supply of fresh water. The same constraint may limit the maximum body size of fully marine snakes.Steps M4 and M5 in all taxa except snakes are associated with skeletal adaptations that are mechanistically linked to relevant ecophysiological features, allowing assessment of marine adaptation steps in some fossil marine tetrapods. We identified four fossil clades containing members that reached Step M5 outside of stem whales, pinnipeds, sea cows and sea turtles, namely Eosauropterygia, Ichthyosauromorpha, Mosasauroidea, and Thalattosuchia, while five other clades reached Step M4: Saurosphargidae, Placodontia, Dinocephalosaurus, Desmostylia, and Odontochelys. Clades reaching Steps M4 and M5, both extant and extinct, appear to have higher species diversity than those only reachingSteps M1 to M3, while the total number of clades is higher for the earlier steps. This suggests that marine colonizers only diversified greatly after they minimized their use of terrestrial resources, with many lineages not reaching these advanced steps.Historical patterns suggest that a clade does not advance to Steps M4 and M5 unless these steps are reached early in the evolution of the clade. Intermediate forms before a clade reached Steps M4 and M5 tend to become extinct without leaving extant descendants or fossil evidence. This makes it difficult to reconstruct the evolutionary history of marine adaptation in many clades. Clades that reached Steps M4 and M5 tend to last longer than other marine tetrapod clades, sometimes for more than 100 million years.

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Section: Marine Adaptation Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecophysiological steps of marine adaptation in extant and extinct non‐avian tetrapods

Motani

Vermeij

2021

Biological Reviews

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“…We added WIGM SPC V 1105 to the cladistic matrix of Lin et al . 27 and replicated their analytical methods in PAUP* version 4a169. Our cladistic analysis produced four most parsimonious trees (tree length = 485 steps, CI 0.388, RI 0.622).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cladistic analysis of relationships of the new specimen was conducted using the taxon-character data matrix in Lin et al . 27 , with added codings of the new specimen. The matrix consists of 31 taxa with 148 osteological characters defined by Lin et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An injured pachypleurosaur (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota indicating predation pressure in the Mesozoic

Liu

Yang

Cheng

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The Middle Triassic Luoping Biota in south-west China represents the inception of modern marine ecosystems, with abundant and diverse arthropods, fishes and marine reptiles, indicating recovery from the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Here we report a new specimen of the predatory marine reptile Diandongosaurus, based on a nearly complete skeleton. The specimen is larger than most other known pachypleurosaurs, and the body shape, caniniform teeth, clavicle with anterior process, and flat distal end of the anterior caudal ribs show its affinities with Diandongosaurus acutidentatus, while the new specimen is approximately three times larger than the holotype. The morphological characters indicate that the new specimen is an adult of D. acutidentatus, allowing for ontogenetic variation. The fang-like teeth and large body size confirm it was a predator, but the amputated hind limb on the right side indicate itself had been predated by an unknown hunter. Predation on such a large predator reveals that predation pressure in the early Mesozoic was intensive, a possible early hint of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution.

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“…In the rhynchocephalian Priosphenodon, it is caused by the expansion of the ectopterygoid (Apesteguía & Novas, 2003). In the basal sauropterygian Panzhousaurus (Lin et al, 2021) and Dianmeisaurus (Shang & Li, 2015), the expanded palatine results in the closure of this fenestra with a reduced ectopterygoid. In the plesiosaurian Cryptoclidus (Brown & Cruickshank, 1994) and Ophthalmothule (Roberts et al, 2020), the expanded palatine also results in the closure of this fenestra but without definitive information of the ectopterygoid.…”

Section: A the Suborbital Fenestramentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomy of the palate in Early Triassic Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis (Reptilia: Ichthyosauriformes) based on digital reconstruction

Yin

Zhou

2021

PeerJ

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The palatal anatomy of ichthyosauriforms remains largely unknown. Here, the complete palate of the early-branching ichthyosauriform Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis is reconstructed and described for the first time with the assistance of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning on the basis of the three-dimensionally preserved skull of its paratype (GMPKU-P-3086) from the Lower Triassic of South China. The reconstruction reveals new palatal features of C. brevifemoralis. The palatine contacts the jugal directly, which is observed in ichthyosauriforms for the first time. A single row of denticles is present on each side of the palate. The vomer exceeds the anterior and posterior margins of the internal naris. The pterygoid is posterior to the internal naris. The epipterygoid is present and the ectopterygoid is absent.

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Panzhousaurus rotundirostris Jiang et al., 2019 (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) and the recovery of the monophyly of Pachypleurosauridae

Cited by 18 publications

References 42 publications

Ecophysiological steps of marine adaptation in extant and extinct non‐avian tetrapods

Ecophysiological steps of marine adaptation in extant and extinct non‐avian tetrapods

An injured pachypleurosaur (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota indicating predation pressure in the Mesozoic

The anatomy of the palate in Early Triassic Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis (Reptilia: Ichthyosauriformes) based on digital reconstruction

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