<i>p</i>‐Phenylenediamine and other hair dye sensitizers in Spain

Yazar, Kerem; Boman, Anders; Lidén, Carola

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01979.x

Cited by 63 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Other health effects are more difficult to make a causal link with certain PCP ingredients. Therefore, most of the publications about negative effects of PCPs tend to focus on contact allergies, mainly caused by fragrances, dyes or preservatives, which skews the overall picture of related effects [22][23][24]. Studies sampling the general population with patch tests revealed that fragrance allergies to the standard set of fragrances (i.e., fragrance mix I) is an increasing clinical problem in many Northern and Southern hemisphere countries [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Read this and be safe!’ Comparison of regulatory processes for communicating risks of personal care products to European and South African consumers

Klaschka

Rother

2013

Environ Sci Eur

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Background: Most personal care products (PCPs) contain hazardous ingredients, but current legislation in the European Union (EU) and South Africa (SA) does not require these to be labelled as hazardous products. Instead, ingredients must only be listed on containers to inform consumers of potential hazards. We assessed whether current legal strategies provide the means for effective risk communication (RC) mechanisms for PCPs in order to protect consumers' health and the environment. Results and conclusions: RC strategies used in developed countries are not necessarily better compared to developing countries despite the existence of extensive legislation in the former. Socio-cultural factors, scientific literacy and language differences are key reasons why the current ingredient lists on PCP labels are not an effective RC strategy. The assumption is that consumers will interpret the risks of these ingredients by conducting a risk assessment for their personal context. Realistically, the following risk mitigation measures should be implemented in developed and developing countries to reduce the public's potential exposures to hazardous substances: substitute hazardous ingredients with less hazardous; provide accessible mechanisms for consumers to comprehend RC measures; delete the exception clause in the EU Regulation on Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP); apply clear mandatory labels where PCPs health risks are clearly illustrated; and increase enforcement of legislation. The high incidence of fragrance allergies caused by PCPs is one example illustrating how current legal measures in the EU and SA fail to protect consumers and the environment from hazardous exposures. Therefore, efforts must be made to improve legally required RC measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Read this and be safe!’ Comparison of regulatory processes for communicating risks of personal care products to European and South African consumers

Klaschka

Rother

2013

Environ Sci Eur

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“…All 105 oxidative hair dye products examined in a similar study conducted in Spain contained potent skin sensitizers (Table 1); 50% contained PPD and another 49% contained PTD or PTDS (10). In comparison, 16% of hair dyes sold in Sweden contained PPD and 80% contained PTD or PTDS (9).…”

Section: Hair Dyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hair dyes are composed of a variety of chemicals, including strong skin sensitizers such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and toluene-2,5-diamine (p-toluenediamine, PTD) (7)(8)(9)(10). Contact allergy to PPD is fairly frequent among dermatitis patients, and the prevalence seems to be higher in central and southern Europe than in northern Europe (11)(12)(13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

et al. 2012

Self Cite

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SummaryThe cosmetic industry producing hair dyes has, for many years, recommended that their consumers perform 'a hair dye allergy self-test' or similar prior to hair dyeing, to identify individuals who are likely to react upon subsequent hair dyeing. This review offers important information on the requirements for correct validation of screening tests, and concludes that, in its present form, the hair dye self-test has severe limitations: (i) it is not a screening test but a diagnostic test; (ii) it has not been validated according to basic criteria defined by scientists; (iii) it has been evaluated in the wrong population group; (iv) skin reactions have been read by dermatologists and not by the targeted group (consumers and hairdressers); (v) hair dyes contain strong and extreme sensitizers that are left on the skin in high concentrations, potentially resulting in active sensitization; and (vi) recommendations and instructions on how to perform the hair dye self-test vary greatly even among products from the same company, again suggesting that the basis for safe use of the test has not been determined. If the use of a hair dye self-test to predict contact sensitization becomes widespread, there is severe risk that a tool has been marketed that may cause morbidity in European consumers.Key words: allergy alert test; diagnostics; hair dyes; nickel; p-phenylenediamine; screening; self-test; skin alert test.Contact allergy, defined as positive patch test reactions to common haptens, is frequent in general populations, affecting up to 20% of people (1-3). It is Correspondence: Jacob P. Thyssen, Department of Dermatolo-Allergology Gentofte Hospital, National Allergy Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 3977 3977; Fax: +45 3977 7118. E-mail: jacpth01@geh.regionh.dk Accepted for publication 15 February 2012 caused by repeated or prolonged cutaneous exposure to contact allergens, including metals such as nickel, cobalt, and chromium; preservatives, such as isothiazolinones, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, formaldehyde, and formaldehyde-releasers; fragrance substances, such as Myroxylon pereirae, Evernia prunastri, limonene, and isoeugenol; and finally, a wide range of very different chemicals, such as those present in topical drugs, plants, and hair dyes. Contact allergy is considered to be the latent

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“…The main worry is about the additives that may contain azo compounds and other amine, nitro, and other derivatives, which may be hazardous for the human health [49,[57][58][59]. As an example, in 1975, AMES et al [60] evaluated for the first time the mutagenicity of hair dye ingredients.…”

Section: Electroanalysis Of Hair Dyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Trends in Voltammetric Analysis of Dyes

Hudari¹,

Brugnera²,

Zanoni³

2017

Applications of the Voltammetry

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Since 1856 when W. H. Perkin synthesized the first synthetic dye (Mauveine), a wide variety of colors and shades are produced and used in several commercial products. The occurrence in water and wastewater has gained controversy regarding their toxicity and mutagenicity and it has been regulation by several regulatory agencies. Thus, analytical methods able to determine these colorings in several matrices with high sensitive and robust enough are relevant. Among several analytical methods, the use of electroanalytical methods, especially the voltammetric techniques, are of great interest due to the high selectivity, sensitivity, use of low quantity of sample, little or without sample treatment, and low waste generation, which contributes to reduced environmental impact. Over the past decades, the technical based on current-potential curves by using of static electrodes have gained considerable progress, as minimizing the effect of capacitive current and the possibility of pre-concentration of the analyte at the electrode surface, which has reflected in lower detection levels. The present work gives an overview about the analytical methods available in literature focusing on electroanalysis of dyes by using voltammetric techniques. The advances of the electroanalytical techniques and the use of different modifiers to increase sensitivity and selectivity are reviewed.

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p‐Phenylenediamine and other hair dye sensitizers in Spain

Cited by 63 publications

References 14 publications

‘Read this and be safe!’ Comparison of regulatory processes for communicating risks of personal care products to European and South African consumers

‘Read this and be safe!’ Comparison of regulatory processes for communicating risks of personal care products to European and South African consumers

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

Advances and Trends in Voltammetric Analysis of Dyes

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