<i>Oxygen Requirements in Underwater Swimming</i>

Goff, L. G.; Frassetto, Roberto; Specht, H.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1956.9.2.219

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The V o , measurements of the present study are also comparable to those of Goff et al (1956) where values between 1·3-1·9 I min -I were recorded from swimming divers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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A Method of Measuring Oxygen Consumption and Minute Ventilation in Semi-Closed Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus

Hayes¹,

Florio²,

Gooder³

1979

Ergonomics

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A method of measuring both oxygen uptake (~~,) and ventilation (~') when breathing from a double counterlung semi-closed circuit underwater breathing apparatus is presented. The analysis requires a knowledge of the gas concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired counterlungs of the breathing set as well as the mass flow rate of gas injected into the apparatus. Values for~Ol and (' were obtained at pressures between 100 kPa and 1·1 MPa in moderate temperature (22-25"C) and very cold (about 4"C) water. The reliability and accuracy of the devised techniques were validated at 100 kPa by comparison to an open circuit measurement of VOl and Jiunder the same conditions of rest and work. Further confirmation of the accuracy or the method was established at depth by measuring the ventilation equivalent for oxygen (~)~01) during intermittent rest and work.

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“…The V o , measurements of the present study are also comparable to those of Goff et al (1956) where values between 1·3-1·9 I min -I were recorded from swimming divers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Oxygen uptake ( V o , ) has been measured in shallow water by Goff et al (1956) who reported values of 1·3-2'5 I min-I (NTP), dependent upon swimming speed. At higher levels of activity Donald and Davidson (1954) measured individual values as high as 4·2 I min -t (NTP) with a mean maximum Va, of 3·1 I min -t (NTP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method of Measuring Oxygen Consumption and Minute Ventilation in Semi-Closed Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus

Hayes¹,

Florio²,

Gooder³

1979

Ergonomics

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“…Whereas several papers report data of _ V O 2 or C in fin swimming (e.g. Donald and Davidson 1954;Goff et al 1956;Morrison 1973;Pendergast et al 1996Pendergast et al , 2003aSpecht et al 1957;Zamparo et al 2002), data on the efficiency of this form of locomotion are not well documented. The overall efficiency of locomotion is defined as the ratio of total mechanical power to metabolic power ðg O ¼ _ W tot = _ EÞ; hence, to calculate g O , the mechanical power must be quantified; this is not a simple task in aquatic locomotion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economy and efficiency of swimming at the surface with fins of different size and stiffness

et al. 2005

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The aim of this study was to investigate how fins with varying physical characteristics affect the energy cost and the efficiency of aquatic locomotion. Experiments were performed on ten college swimmers who were asked to swim the dolphin kick while using a monofin (MF) and to swim the front crawl kick with a small-flexible fin (SF), a large-stiff fin (LS) and without fins (BF, barefoot). The energy expended to cover one unit distance (C) was highest for BF (C=10.6+/-1.8 kJ m(-1) kg(-1) at 0.8 m s(-1)) and decreased by about 50% with LS, 55% with SF and 60% with MF, allowing for an increase in speed (for a given metabolic power) of about 0.4 m s(-1) for MF and of about 0.2 m s(-1) for SF and LS (compared with BF). At any given speed, the fins for which C was lower were those with the lowest kick frequency (KF): KF=1.6+/-0.22 Hz at 0.8 m s(-1) (for BF) and decreased by about 40% for SF, 50% for LS and 60% for MF. The decrease in KF from BF to SF-LS and MF was essentially due to the increasing surface area of the fin which, in turn, was associated with a higher Froude efficiency (eta(F)). eta(F) was calculated by computing the speed of the bending waves moving along the body in a caudal direction (as proposed for the undulating movements of slender fish): it increased from 0.62+/-0.01 in BF to 0.66+/-0.03 in SF and 0.67+/-0.04 in LS reaching the highest values (0.76+/-0.05) with MF. No single fin characteristic can predict a swimmer's performance, rather the better fin (i.e. MF) is the one that is able to reduce most KF at any given speed and hence to produce the greatest distance per kick (d=v/KF). The latter indeed increased from 0.50+/-0.01 m in BF to about 0.90+/-0.05 m in SF and LS and reached values of 1.22+/-0.01 m in MF.

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“…However, it remains difficult to differentiate between material's and subject's influence. From a physiological viewpoint, oxygen consumption was used to evaluate the energy cost of finswimming (Goff et al, 1956;Nomura and Matsuzaki, 1985;Hong et al, 1991;Pendergast et al, 1996Pendergast et al, , 2003Zamparo et al, 2002Zamparo et al, , 2005a. However, few studies have connected physiological data with mechanical characteristics of the fin or with swimming technique of the subject.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%