<i>Nutritional Requirements for Men at Work in Cold, Temperate and Hot Environments</i>

Gray, Edward LeB.; Consolazio, F. C.; Kark, Robert M.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1951.4.4.270

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Gray et al (25) calculated the increase in energy expenditure from temperate environment clothing to cold weather clothing as 5%. However, the study was limited in design (with the exercise session lasting only 1 hour and consisting mostly of cycling on a bicycle ergometer) and it was conducted on only 2 participants, so the results should be treated with caution.…”

Section: Energy and Fitness During Antarctic Residencementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of Antarctic residence on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness

Simpson

2010

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Objective. To review the current literature that describes the effect of Antarctic residence on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness. Study design. Literature review. Methods. Published literature on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness in the polar environment was reviewed. Energy dynamics were represented by body weight, body fat, food intake and energy expenditure. Consideration was given to seasonal variation and possible explanations for the apparent high metabolic cost of Antarctic residence. The influence of cold exposure was discussed and comment was made on the differences between temperate and polar residence. Results. Food intake and energy expenditure are found to increase with Antarctic residence. There is often an associated increase in body weight and body fat. Seasonal variation is common but not universal, with an increase in body weight and body fat in winter. Variation in aerobic fitness appears to be related to the specific study sample rather than Antarctic residence per se. Conclusions. In most instances, Antarctic residence has effects on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness. Explanations for the observed changes may include physiological adaptations, such as a raised basal metabolic rate and increased thermogenesis. However, cold-induced changes are less likely when cold exposure is minimized by heated buildings and insulated clothing. Activity patterns related to work and leisure thus represent a more likely cause. The majority of the research is several decades old; further research would help to elucidate the patterns of energy dynamics of modern Antarctic workers. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2010; 69(3):220-235)

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Section: Energy and Fitness During Antarctic Residencementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of Antarctic residence on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness

Simpson

2010

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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“…Cold weather protective clothing is still cumbersome, and the hobbling effect of bulky and restrictive clothing increases energy costs for the soldiers by at least 10%. 9,10 This is further complicated when personal protective equipment for CBRNE or body armor is also required. 11 Hands and feet are particularly vulnerable to performance impairment and injury in the cold.…”

Section: Preparation and Field Training Exercises: What Are The Issues?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human performance research for military operations in extreme cold environments

Sullivan-Kwantes

Haman

Kingma

et al. 2021

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Objectives: Soldier performance in the Arctic depends on planning and training, protective equipment, and human physiological limits. The purpose of this review was to highlight the span of current research on enhancing soldier effectiveness in extreme cold and austere environments. Methods: The practices of seasoned soldiers who train in the Arctic and cold-dwelling natives inform performance strategies. We provide examples of research and technology that build on these concepts. Results: Examples of current performance research include evaluation of equipment and tactics such as the bioenergetics of load carriage over snow in Norwegian exercises; Canadian field monitoring of hand temperatures and freezing cold injuries for better protection of manual dexterity; and Dutch predictive modeling of cold-wet work tolerances. Healthy young men can respond to cold with a substantial thermogenic response based on US and Canadian studies on brown adipose tissue and other mechanisms of non-shivering thermogenesis; the potential advantage of greater fat insulation is offset in obese unfit subjects by a smaller thermogenic response. Current physiological studies are addressing previously unanswered problems of cold acclimation procedures, thermogenic enhancement and regulation, and modulation of sympathetic activation, all of which may further enhance cold survival and expand the performance envelope. Conclusion: There is an inseparable behavioral component to soldier performance in the Arctic, and even the best equipment does not benefit soldiers who have not trained in the actual environment. Training inexperienced soldiers to performance limits may be helped with personal monitoring technologies and predictive models.

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“…Energy expenditure during military operations in cold environments has been shown to increase (Burstein et al, 1996;Tharion et al, 2005). Cold weather and rainfall alter the terrain surface (mud, snow) and/or increase the clothing and equipment burden (weight, bulk) which can increase energy cost (Gray et al, 1951;Soule and Goldman, 1972;McCarroll et al, 1979) and decrease maximum acceptable work duration. Even with a decrease in walking speed to 4.0 km h À1 in soft snow (15 cm depth), the estimated maximum acceptable work duration would be reduced by4 9% Table 2; Soule and Goldman 1972).…”

Section: Climate and Thermal Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%