<i>Nuclear and Particle Physics</i>

Burcham, W.E.; Jobes, M.

doi:10.1063/1.2808262

Cited by 38 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…However, the directly measured particle energies should be included. It has recently been found that large fluxes of penetrating leptons 28 are formed in the experiments. 14 They appear to carry away a large power from the system.…”

Section: -13mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat generation above break-even from laser-induced fusion in ultra-dense deuterium

Holmlid

2015

AIP Advances

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Previous results from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) give conclusive evidence for ejection of neutral massive particles with energy >10 MeV u−1. Such particles can only be formed from nuclear processes like nuclear fusion at the low laser intensity used. Heat generation is of interest for future fusion energy applications and has now been measured by a small copper (Cu) cylinder surrounding the laser target. The temperature rise of the Cu cylinder is measured with an NTC resistor during around 5000 laser shots per measured point. No heating in the apparatus or the gas feed is normally used. The fusion process is suboptimal relative to previously published studies by a factor of around 10. The small neutral particles HN(0) of ultra-dense hydrogen (size of a few pm) escape with a substantial fraction of the energy. Heat loss to the D2 gas (at <1 mbar pressure) is measured and compensated for under various conditions. Heat release of a few W is observed, at up to 50% higher energy than the total laser input thus a gain of 1.5. This is uniquely high for the use of deuterium as fusion fuel. With a slightly different setup, a thermal gain of 2 is reached, thus clearly above break-even for all neutronicity values possible. Also including the large kinetic energy which is directly measured for MeV particles leaving through a small opening gives a gain of 2.3. Taking into account the lower efficiency now due to the suboptimal fusion process, previous studies indicate a gain of at least 20 during long periods.

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Section: -13mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat generation above break-even from laser-induced fusion in ultra-dense deuterium

Holmlid

2015

AIP Advances

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“…The charged and neutral kaons decay in various processes mainly to charged pions and muons. 31 The decay of kaons and pions is observed directly through their decay to muons, while the muons may leave the chamber before they decay appreciably due to their much longer lifetime. As described below, they may interact with the chamber materials giving a shorter effective lifetime.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptons from decay of mesons in the laser-induced particle pulse from ultra-dense protium p(0)

Holmlid

2016

Int. J. Mod. Phys. E

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Kaons and pions are observed by their characteristic decay times of 12, 52 and 26 ns after impact of relatively weak ns-long laser pulses on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0), as reported previously. The signal using an ultra-dense protium p(0) generator with natural hydrogen is now studied. Deflection in a weak magnetic field or penetration through metal foils cannot distinguish between the types of decaying mesons. The signals observed are thus not caused by the decaying mesons themselves, but by the fast particles often at > 50 MeV u −1 formed in their decay. The fast particles are concluded to be mainly muons from their relatively small magnetic deflection and strong penetration. This is further supported by published studies on the direct observation of the beta decay of muons in scintillators and solid converters using the same type of p(0) generator.

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“…This can be derived by beginning with a 2 × 2 PMNS matrix and following the steps laid out above (see, for example, [65]). However, it is more informative to show how the three-flavour formulation reduces to a two-flavour model as this demonstrates the necessary approximations and their validity.…”

Section: The Two-flavour Approximationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Antineutrino Oscillations with the MINOS Experiment

Devenish

Evans

2012

Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements

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MINOS is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. A manmade beam of predominantly muon neutrinos is detected both 1 km and 735 km from the production point by two functionally identical detectors. A comparison of the energy spectra measured by the two detectors shows the energy-dependent disappearance of muon neutrinos characteristic of oscillations and allows a measurement of the parameters governing the oscillations. This thesis presents work leading to measurements of disappearance in the 6% ν µ background in that beam.A calibration is developed to correct for time-dependent changes in the responses of both detectors, reducing the corresponding uncertainty on hadronic energy measurements from 1.8% to 0.4% in the near detector and from 0.8% to 0.4% in the far detector. A method of selecting charged current ν µ events is developed, with purities (efficiencies) of 96.5% (74.4%) at the near detector, and 98.8% (70.9%) at the far detector in the region below 10 GeV reconstructed antineutrino energy. A method of using the measured near detector neutrino energy spectrum to predict that expected at the far detector is discussed, and developed for use in the ν µ analysis. Sources of systematic uncertainty contributing to the oscillation measurements are discussed.In the far detector, 32 charged current ν µ events are observed below a reconstructed energy of 30 GeV, compared to an expectation of 47.8 for ∆m 2 atm = ∆m 2 atm , sin 2 (2θ 23 ) = sin 2 (2θ 23 ). This deficit, in such a low-statistics sample, makes the result difficult to interpret in the context of an oscillation parameter measurement. Possible sources for the discrepancy are discussed, concluding that considerably more data are required for a definitive solution. Running MINOS with a dedicated ν µ beam would be the ideal continuation of this work. AcknowledgementsWhen a piece of work takes four years to complete, far too many people play parts in its development to be thanked individually. However, certain people deserve specific mention for contributions without which the completion of this thesis would have been all the more difficult.First and foremost thanks go to my supervisor Giles Barr who guided me superbly through the process of learning to be a particle physics researcher. His perennially encouraging supervision and infectious enthusiasm for the subject benefited me hugely.The many members of the Oxford MINOS group who passed through during my time all deserve thanks. Alfons Weber could always be relied on to provide some insightful comments on any histogram. Nathaniel Tagg supervised me through my early work in the MINOS calibration group, his in-depth knowledge in that area proving invaluable. Jeff Hartnell was one of the driving forces behind the antineutrino analysis which forms the main part of this thesis, and our numerous conversations helped crystallise many of the ideas I present.I also shared my time at Oxford with Chris Backhouse, Anatael Cabrera, Katarzyna Grzelak, Phillip Litchfield, Paul Miyagawa, Robert Pittam, Tob...

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Nuclear and Particle Physics

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Heat generation above break-even from laser-induced fusion in ultra-dense deuterium

Heat generation above break-even from laser-induced fusion in ultra-dense deuterium

Leptons from decay of mesons in the laser-induced particle pulse from ultra-dense protium p(0)

Measuring Antineutrino Oscillations with the MINOS Experiment

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