2012
DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.43
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N-Heterocyclic carbene/Brønsted acid cooperative catalysis as a powerful tool in organic synthesis

Abstract: SummaryThe interplay between metals and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has provided a window of opportunities for the development of novel catalytic strategies within the past few years. The recent successful combination of Brønsted acids with NHCs has added a new dimension to the field of cooperative catalysis, enabling the stereoselective synthesis of functionalized pyrrolidin-2-ones as valuable scaffolds in heterocyclic chemistry. This Commentary will briefly highlight the concept of N-heterocyclic carbene/… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(9 citation statements)
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References 35 publications
(32 reference statements)
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“…p K a =10.65 for trimethylamine). Recently, benzoate derivatives have been also found sufficiently basic to allow NHC organocatalysis . In fact, the presence of the benzoic acid derivative was evidenced in the later steps of these reactions, allowing a dual NHC–Brønsted acid catalysis .…”
Section: Basicity Of N‐heterocyclic Carbenesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…p K a =10.65 for trimethylamine). Recently, benzoate derivatives have been also found sufficiently basic to allow NHC organocatalysis . In fact, the presence of the benzoic acid derivative was evidenced in the later steps of these reactions, allowing a dual NHC–Brønsted acid catalysis .…”
Section: Basicity Of N‐heterocyclic Carbenesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, benzoate derivatives have been also found sufficiently basic to allow NHC organocatalysis . In fact, the presence of the benzoic acid derivative was evidenced in the later steps of these reactions, allowing a dual NHC–Brønsted acid catalysis . Given that the proton transfer from the azolium cation to the benzoate should occur only in a small proportion, it seems likely that the benzoic acid stays associated with the catalyst throughout the following reaction steps.…”
Section: Basicity Of N‐heterocyclic Carbenesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Die Detektion eines freien Carbens in reaktiven Umgebungen ist auf Spezialfälle beschränkt, in denen das Carben in einem Enzym eingeschlossen vorliegt. [17,18] Eine Deprotonierung des nur sehr schwach sauren Azolium-Kations in einer solchen Umgebung erscheint sehr fragwürdig.F erner sind langlebige Carbene, [1] welche über einen längeren Zeitraum einer Zersetzung widerstehen, in der Regel mit deutlich grçßeren Seitengruppen substituiert als solche Carbene,d ie in der Organokatalyse Verwendung finden. B. pK a = 23.0 für1 ,3-Dimethylimidazol-2-yliden in Wasser), [16a] während einige von den in diesen Prozessen verwendete Basen deutlich schwächer sind (z.…”
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“…Dieser Widerspruch wird besonders deutlich bei jüngsten Berichten über NHCkatalytische Prozesse,d ie in saurem Medium realisiert wurden. [17,18] Eine Deprotonierung des nur sehr schwach sauren Azolium-Kations in einer solchen Umgebung erscheint sehr fragwürdig.F erner sind langlebige Carbene, [1] welche über einen längeren Zeitraum einer Zersetzung widerstehen, in der Regel mit deutlich grçßeren Seitengruppen substituiert als solche Carbene,d ie in der Organokatalyse Verwendung finden. Dies lässt vermuten, dass sich viele Carbene als Folge der Deprotonierung zersetzen würden.…”
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