Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the ‘non‐classical immune cell’

Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can infect 'non-classical immune cells', which comprise a significant constituency of cells that reside outside of those defined as 'classical immune cells' from myeloid or lymphoid origin. Here we address the influence of specific 'non-classical immune cells' in host responses and their effects in controlling mycobacterial growth or enabling an environment conducive for bacilli persistence. The interaction of M. tuberculosis with epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, glia and neurons and downstream cellular responses that often dictate immune regulation and disease outcome are discussed. Functional integration and synergy between 'classical' and 'non-classical immune cells' are highlighted as critical for determining optimal immune outcomes that favour the host.

Pathology and immune reactivity: understanding multidimensionality in pulmonary tuberculosis

“…Mtb interacts with multiple cell types [12,13] and triggers complex tissue changes [14]. Versatility of Mtb regarding its subcellular niches and its facultative intracellular replication correlates with an intricate pathology picture.…”

Sharpening nature's tools for efficient tuberculosis control: A review of the potential role and development of host-directed therapies and strategies for targeted respiratory delivery

“…Infection of alveolar epithelium triggers host protective responses such as secretion of chemokines and cytokines, nitric oxide production and antigen presentation to Mtb-specific non-classical CD8+ T cells [282]. With regard to HDTs, research has focused on modulating MMP activity of alveolar epithelial cells.…”

“…Examination of autopsy samples from individuals with TB has revealed that these cells can be infected with Mtb in vivo [282].…”

Mycobacteria Manipulate G-Protein-Coupled Receptors to Increase Mucosal Rac1 Expression in the Lungs

“…AECs also interact with other cells of the innate immune system, such as granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and innate lymphoid cells, to mount an effective defence against the invading pathogen as well as to activate the following specific immunity. AECs are now recognized as active participants of the immune response against Mtb [32] . In this study, we analysed mycobacteria-induced epithelial signalling pathways and the contribution of GPCRs to further elucidate these responses.…”