<i>Mycobacterium avium</i>subsp.<i>paratuberculosis</i>in Veterinary Medicine

Harris, Natalie; Barletta, Raúl G.

doi:10.1128/cmr.14.3.489-512.2001

Cited by 516 publications

(447 citation statements)

References 279 publications

(306 reference statements)

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“…Members of MAC share a high percentage of DNA and rRNA homology. Map shares over 98% DNA homology with Maa and they have homologous major antigens [6,74]. However, phenotypic differences between these two subspecies, differentiated by the dependence of Map on mycobactin [165] and genetically by the presence of multiple copies of the Map specific insertion element IS900 [67], are important.…”

Section: Physiological Characteristics For Host Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, phenotypic differences between these two subspecies, differentiated by the dependence of Map on mycobactin [165] and genetically by the presence of multiple copies of the Map specific insertion element IS900 [67], are important. These organisms induce, in a wide-ranging animal species, different pathologies associated to distinct clinical signs [28,82] and host adaptation [49,74,82]. With the availability of published microbial genomes, the genomic approach will help in identifying novel genes involved in the physiological adaptation of MAC members to these different wild animal species.…”

Section: Physiological Characteristics For Host Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Livestock also represent an important reservoir, not developed in this review and well described in others [74,166,167]. As illustrated in Figure 4, livestock could either be infected by mycobacteria present in wildlife and in the environment or be a source of contamination for wildlife and humans and a particularly susceptible population [12,90,129].…”

Section: Spread In Domestic Livestockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the nontuberculosis mycobacteria species classified by Runyon [149] into four major groups (photochromogens, scotochromogens, nonphotochromogens and rapid growers) the best studied are those of the M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) (Figs. 1 and 2) and M. kansasii [48,74,82]. M. avium is subdivided into four subspecies (ssp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC)

Biet¹,

et al. 2005

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-Pathogens that are transmitted between the environment, wildlife, livestock and humans represent major challenges for the protection of human and domestic animal health, the economic sustainability of agriculture, and the conservation of wildlife. Among such pathogens, the genus Mycobacterium is well represented by M. bovis, the etiological agent of bovine tuberculosis, M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) the etiological agent of Johne disease, M. avium ssp. avium (Maa) and in a few common cases by other emergent environmental mycobacteria. Epidemiologic surveys performed in Europe, North America and New Zealand have demonstrated the existence and importance of environmental and wildlife reservoirs of mycobacterial infections that limit the attempts of disease control programmes. The aim of this review is to examine the zoonotic aspects of mycobacteria transmitted from the environment and wildlife. This work is focused on the species of two main groups of mycobacteria classified as important pathogens for humans and animals: first, M. bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, which belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex and has a broad host range including wildlife, captive wildlife, domestic livestock, non-human primates and humans; the second group examined, is the M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) which includes M. avium ssp. avium causing major health problems in AIDS patients and M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis the etiological agent of Johne disease in cattle and identified in patients with Crohn disease. MAC agents, in addition to a broad host range, are environmental mycobacteria found in numerous biotopes including the soil, water, aerosols, protozoa, deep litter and fresh tropical vegetation. This review examines the possible reservoirs of these pathogens in the environment and in wildlife, their role as sources of infection in humans and animals and their health impact on humans. The possibilities of control and management programmes for these mycobacterial infections are examined with regards to the importance of their natural reservoirs.

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Section: Physiological Characteristics For Host Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physiological Characteristics For Host Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spread In Domestic Livestockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC)

Biet¹,

et al. 2005

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“…partuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) [1]. Neonatal and young animals are at the highest risk of infection, which usually occurs by the fecal-oral route.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B‐Cell Epitopes in the Immunodominant p34 Antigen of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis Recognized by Antibodies from Infected Cattle

et al. 2003

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Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) causes Johne's disease, a chronic and fatal enteritis in ruminants. In the last stage of the disease, antibody titres rise and levels of interferon-g decrease, suggesting that the hostimmune response is switching from a T helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 profile. In infected cattle, the membrane protein p34 elicits the predominant humoral response against M. paratuberculosis. To map the B-cell epitopes of this antigen, affinity-purified bovine antibodies against the carboxy-terminal region of p34 were used to screen a 12-mer phage display library. Several phage clones carrying peptides resembling fragments of p34 were affinity selected. Based on the predicted amino acid sequence, peptides were chemically synthesized, which demonstrated reactivity with serum from naturally infected and p34-vaccinated cattle. Immunization of mice with these peptides elicited an anti-p34 antibody response. Two B-cell epitopes were identified and characterized. Based on the reactivity and the type of immune response elicited, epitope A was determined to be conformational, whereas epitope B was demonstrated to be sequential. Both epitopes were shown to be present in p34 proteins from M. avium ssp. avium or M. paratuberculosis but absent from M. intracellulare, the other member of the M. avium complex. Furthermore, both epitopes were mapped to regions of p34 that display high variability when compared to homologous proteins from other mycobacterial species of public and animal health importance. We hypothesize that these variable regions of p34 may play a role in the immunobiology of M. paratuberculosis infections.

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Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria

Yadav¹,

Kapoor²

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Mycobacteria are a group of microbial pathogens associated with tuberculosis (TB), one of the world's most prevalent human disease and several nontuberculous diseases in humans. Another major human infection caused by this genus is leprosy. TB is predominantly a pulmonary disease infecting lungs but extrapulmonary TB is also prevalent and includes lymphatic, pleural, meningeal, pericardial, skeletal, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or miliary form. The genus Mycobacterium comprises of about 130 species that are groupable into two major categories: (A) the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: it comprises of two obligate pathogenic species, namely M. tuberculosis (the agent of tuberculosis) and Mycobacterium leprae (the agent of leprosy). This complex contains four other species of mycobacteria that also cause TB viz., Mycobacterium bovis , Mycobacterium africanum , Mycobacterium microti , and Mycobacterium canetti . (B) The nontuberculous mycobacteria (also called atypical mycobacteria or environmental mycobacteria): this group comprises of a large number of saprophytic species that live freely in the environment such as in soils, water, and other organic matrices. These organisms may be inhaled via dust particles or ingested via drinking water or food and produce various syndromes. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly being recognized to cause human infections, frequently in immunosuppressed individuals such as those who have organ transplants, individuals being treated for leukemia or cancer, and patients suffering from AIDS. The range of infections caused by NTM species is very broad and includes pulmonary infections (symptoms often indistinguishable from TB), cervical lymphadenitis, skin infections, bone and soft tissue infections, and nosocomial infections. An occupational disease in machinists, designated hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) has also been associated with NTM species ( Mycobacterium immunogenum and Mycobacterium chelonae ) that have the ability to colonize metalworking fluids in occupational environments. Although this chapter focuses primarily on tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria that are associated with human disease are also discussed. It includes discussions on taxonomy, growth requirements, as well as the morphological characteristics, physiology, pathogenicity, and the metabolic activity of these organisms.

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Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Veterinary Medicine

Cited by 516 publications

References 279 publications

Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC)

Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC)

B‐Cell Epitopes in the Immunodominant p34 Antigen of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis Recognized by Antibodies from Infected Cattle

Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria

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