Littorina littorea : Occurrence in a Northern Newfoundland Beach Terrace, Predating Norse Settlements

Abstract

in which are found mainly norepinephrine-containing nerve endings and axons is due to a change in some regulatory mechanism acting upon the uptake process. This effect seems to be specific for norepinephrine; we have not been able to detect it with H3-serotonin under similar experimental conditions (8).

Premature refutation of a human-mediated marine species introduction: the case history of the marine snail Littorina littorea in the northwestern Atlantic

“…' Clarke (1971) concluded that post-Pleistocene L. littorea arrived from Europe on driftwood that ''would have had to travel from Europe south to North Africa, across the Atlantic in the Equatorial Drift, and north in the Gulf Stream'' (we note that this is an improbable survival route for a cold-water snail). Bird (1968) and Reid (1996) also suggested that North American ancient L. littorea could represent chance arrivals of drifted adults. However, Clarke (1971) also suggested that a native North American L. littorea population could have gone extinct prior to European contact, and the present-day population was introduced by humans through transport from Europe by ships.…”

“…From the trench walls were obtained two examples of L. littorea and one specimen of Buccinum undatum Linne.' ' Bird (1968) noted that the specimens lay ''several feet below the surface, clearly in the undisturbed, wave-deposited material'' and therefore ''date from the period of terrace formation.'' All three of Bird's (1968) ''wave deposited'' species were also human food species.…”

“…' Bird (1968) noted that the specimens lay ''several feet below the surface, clearly in the undisturbed, wave-deposited material'' and therefore ''date from the period of terrace formation.'' All three of Bird's (1968) ''wave deposited'' species were also human food species. These two L. littorea shells are the only proposed pre-modern L. littorea recovered from Newfoundland.…”

“…Bird (1968) states: ''below the influence of soil acids, there were some scattered fragments and occasional small concentrations of water-worn marine shells, mainly Mytilus, in friable condition. From the trench walls were obtained two examples of L. littorea and one specimen of Buccinum undatum Linne.'…”

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE PERIWINKLE (LITTORINA LITTOREA ) IN NORTH AMERICA

“…The species was found in several post-Pleistocene archaeological sites in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Clarke, 1963). Bird (1968) recorded L. littorea from pre-Viking strata in N ewfoundland, and Wagner (1977) found a single specimen in sediments dated at 40,000 years B.P. in Nova Scotia.…”